A field survey for chickpea wilt disease Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp ciceris was conducted in different provinces
of north Syria during 2011 cropping season with the
objectives to determine chickpea wilt distribution and factors
affecting its develop
ment. Two hundred and fifty samples
were collected from Alhasakah, Aleppo and Idleb fields. The
results showed varying levels of incidence between and
within provinces (2-90%), and the highest incidence was
recorded in Alfouaa- Idleb (90%). The incidence and
distribution of this disease seemed to be affected by many
factors especially date of sown and soil kind. The
pathogenicity test of 60 isolates related to Fusarium
oxysporum on susceptible cultivars Ghab1 was shown that 54
isolates related to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris; 32
isolates of them were caused yellowing symptoms and 22
were caused wilting symptoms.
This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University. Because of the importance of the food and economic of chickpea, two Winter chickpea cultivars (Ghab 4, Ghab 5) and two Vernal chickpea culti
vars were used (ILC263, ILC1929) and planted in pots until flowering, so the floral buds were picked before opened and washed with distilled water and alcohol three times. Anthers were separated and treated at preliminary temperatures (4 Cْ for 48 hours, and 35 Cْ for 12 hours), then it washed with a solution of hypochlorite of sodium( Naocl 2%) for a period of 15 minute, and washed with distilled sterilized water ,then where planted on the environment Murashige and Skoog ( MS) equipped with 1, 3 and 5 mg/L of auxin 2,4, D, as well as 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg /L of Cytokinin Benzyl Amino Purine( BAP) individually and with interaction between them and incubated under conditions of 27 Cْ and 75% of the humidity and the intensity of 1500 Lux of light for 16 hours. The main objective of research was to study the effect of both preliminary heating treatment , quality and concentration of used hormone on producing callus from used chickpea cultivars anthers. Results showed difference in cultivars response in the treatment of both temperature and single hormone, so Ghab 5 cultivar was the most responsive to the formation of callus, while the results indicated that the highest percentage of the formation of callus was 40% when treated at 4 Cْ of Ghab 4 and Ghab 5 cultivars, while ILC263 cultivar showed less response in all the individual treatments for growth regulators.
As well as results showed that the significant and catalyst role for using of hormones together with heat treatment, where each of Ghab 5, Ghab 4 and ILC1929 cultivars were the superiority, by the arrival of the percentage of 80% and 60%, respectively.
The research was carried out in the biotechnology Laboratory at the
Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, in cooperation with the General
Commission For Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), during the year
2012. Eleven genotypes of cul
tivated chickpea were planted to determine their
genetic diversity and the degree of genetic similarity using the ISSR technique.
16 primers were used for this purpose. Results indicated that Nine primers
proved their effectiveness in showing polymorphism among the genotypes
examined and the primers gave a total of 91 alleles with a polymorphic
percentage of 93.4%. The number of bands for each primer varied from a
minimum of 2 bands for the primers ISSR7-ISSR13 to a maximum of 16 bands
for the primer ISSR11, with an average of 9.1 bands per a primer. The results
also showed that the degree of genetic similarity ranged between 46 and 78%,
where the highest was 78% between the genotypes of Afghanistan – Morocco,
then 77% between the genotypes Tunisia-Afghanistan and Tunisia- Iran and
followed by Spain- Iran and Spain- Pakistan (50%) and the lowest was 46%
between genotypes Afghanistan- Pakistan.
Ten samples of dry, cooked Chickpea, Homos with Tahina, and Falafel were
randomly collected from different places in Damascus and urban side during
2003-2004 with an average weight of 200g for each sample. Chemical
composition, amino acids, fatty
acids, and minerals were determined to
investigate the effect of cooking and frying on the nutritional value of chickpea
products.
A survey to record the genera of nematodes associated with chickpea of
domestic variety, which are planting at Izra’a Research center in Dara’a
Governorate, was carried out during the period from April 2003 till June 2003.
Nematodes were extracted
, examined and identified to genus. Population
density, frequency (%), and prominence value (PV) were calculated for each
genus of 40 samples were collected from the root rhizosphere soil and from
plant roots itself. Results showed that eight genera of plant-parasitic
nematodes, and seventeen genera of other nematode groups were associated
with chikpea plants.
A study was conducted to evaluate the diversity among chickpeas accessions
collected from Jordan for some morpho-agronomic traits, specially yield and its
components. The evaluated material consisted of 137 accessions and three
improved cultivars
released in Jordan. The study was conducted at the Jordan
University of Science and Technology Research Station using the augmented
design. Some of the parameters used in the evaluation included the mean,
standard deviation, range, coefficient of variation, diversity index. Also, a
dendrogram to establish the relationship among locations where landraces
were originally developed.
Results indicated the presence of significant variability for all traits under
investigation. Diversity index values (H′) exceeded 0.50 for all characters with
the highest value for biological yield (0.84), followed by lowest pod height
(0.82), grain yield (0.78), and straw yield (0.78).
The following accessions were found to be superior over the improved
cultivars in one or more of the studied characters: ILC 6941, ILC 6938, ILC
4411, and ILC 4096. These are important genetic resources for breeders to
improve the chickpea crop.
The results indicated the importance of the local landraces as a source of
genetic variability that should be conserved, evaluated and utilized by breeders
to improve the crop productivity and quality.
This field study was carried out at EL- Gab Research Center during furing
2000-2001. Six fungicides namely, Benomyl 50%, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole,
Fludioxonile, Triticonazole and Thiram 37.5% + Carboxin 37.5% with high
doses×1, ×2, ×4, ×8 were
used as seed dressings on chickpea cultivar Gab3 to
study their effects on Ascochyta blight infection.
The results showed that fungicides eradicated the infection from the seeds
and protected the seedlings from infection. There was a clear effect on delaying
the infection by ascochyta blight on chickpea for about 10-15 days in
comparison with the untreated control. However, Higher doses of some
fungicides negatively affected the yield.
Luteoviruses were recognized as a major cause of yellowing, leaf rolling and
stunting in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Syria. Aphid population dynamics
in two consecutive seasons (١٩٨٩/٩٠ and ١٩٩٠/٩١) showed a peak in April
followed by high lev
els of virus incidence and ranged between ٤ – ٧٨,٤ %.
Different sowing dates of four chickpea varieties (local chickpea, Ghab١,
Ghab٢ and Ghab٣) showed that early planting lead to disease escape, by
avoiding early infection. The yield average of the four chickpea varieties was
increased by ٢٦٠% in the first season and ١٤٠٪ in the second, when the crop
was planted early. Weeds have been studied as a potential over-wintering hosts.
A range of weed species mostly with yellows symptoms similar to those caused
by luteoviruses were collected from the field trial and tested. They proved to
host aphid vectors as well as luteoviruses.
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of four chickpea plant
densities (٢٠, ٢٥،٣٣,٣ and ٥٠ plants/m٢) during ١٩٨٩, ١٩٩٠ and ١٩٩١ seasons
on podborers in southern Syria in three chichpea cultivares (Ghab l, Ghab ٢
and local).
The ways cultivation of soils and preparing of soil are for farming
field crops with adding fertilizers village as one of the most important
methods of modern agriculture processes.
Starting up off this importance. the research was executed in the
north east area of Homs city, through the season(2013,2014) by
using five ways to cultiveate the soil.
