First record of ecto Epistylis sp. on free-living fish in the lake of the 16 Tishreen dam

The study included 144 Free – living fish from the Lake of 16 Tishreen Dam, collected randomly during the period from 12/2011 until 11/2012, on monthly basis to detect the infection with Epistylis sp. and determine its distribution rate. Fish samples were: Cyprinus carpio L., Varicorhinus damascinus, Garra rufus, Tilapia zilli, and Liza abu. Tilapia zilli was the most prevalent in the lake of 16 Tishreen Dam. The study revealed fish infection with Epistylis sp. on free – living fish in the Lake, with a total infection rate 22.22 % , mainly on Tilapia zillii (29.70 %) and then on mullet (2%);No infection with Epistylis sp. Was recorded on the other fish species. The infection with this ecto Epistylis sp. was recorded for the first time in Syria in our study. The infection with Epistylis sp. was located on the skin, fins and gills. The highest infection rate was on the fins ( 42.34 %) , followed by skin (37.46 %) , and then by gills (1.87 %) . The infection with Epistylis sp. had the highest rate in summer ; i.e. during high temperature , low concentration of dissolved oxygen , and slightly high value of BOD. The study showed that, the water of 16 Tishreen Dam is relatively clean.

Reservoirs of ores cement industry in Kasab area

The importance of these scientific research because it is the first applicated study in Kasab area ,and becomes from the big needing of materials , which interior in cement industry .So the attention had directed toward finding alternative locations for primacy ore addition to process reconstruction the ancient mine, as a result of these scientific research we had made a stratigraphical ,geological, geochemical detailed studies on samples had taken from the Kasab area, which show that calc rocks, and marl rocks in these area are duplicated to the standard specifications,which request for Portland cement industry . where we had definite the new five reservoirs in the area. From the geochemical analyzes of studded samples, and geochemical diagram's ,We can say that limestone samples riches in clay materials need to correct before to use in cement industry.

Appropriate way to conclude contracts B.OT in Syria and the guarantees necessary for the conclusion

It is noticeable lag Syria in the passage of the law system BOT contracts despite that a lot of countries issued legislation on this type of contract, that's what made it necessary to look at appropriate ways to implement the system contracts BOT, to stand on these roads and the possibility of development, divided Search to in the first two sections I set the appropriate way to conclude a contract under which the BOT, and the second oldest in the legal guarantees for the financing of projects, the BOT, a ring in search results and recommendations, which lays the foundation for the application of these contracts.

Changes in seasonal and annual precipitation characteristics in the Syrian coastal region during the period 1960-2010

Changes in precipitation patterns are considered one of most important hazards facing terrestrial ecosystems and water resources worldwide. Monthly rainfall data for six meteorological stations located in the Syrian coastal region were used to study changes in precipitation characteristics during the period 1960-2010. Trends with mann- Kendall Test, Gamma Distribution and Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) were applied to detect changes in seasonal and annual precipitation amount in addition to seasonality. Results showed significant negative trends in annual precipitation in all stations up to 30% in some cases, which could be related to the decrease in spring and winter rainfall amounts that ranged between 38.5% to 50.2% in spring and 14% to 38% in winter. Despite significant decrease in annual precipitation, there were no significant trends in seasonality. These changes in precipitation patterns would pose big challenges to water resources management , agricultural production and forests management.

Survey of infection by Citrus tristeza virus on citrus variety in Tartous governorate Syria

A survey of infection by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was conducted during a visit to 14 citrus orchards in different regions in Tartous governorate in the Syrian Coast during the spring of 2012. We collected a total of /691/ samples of different varieties. Most of the samples were collected from plants with symptoms similar to symptoms caused by viral diseases (dwarfing, yellowing, mosaic, quick- decline, vein clearing, boat or spoon-shaped leaves), while other samples did not carry such symptoms due to the possible presence of latent infections. The samples were tested by using Tissue Blot immunoassay (TBIA). The Results showed that the rate of infection by CTV was 34.15% in the tested samples and the distribution of CTV in citrus orchards was by various ratios. The highest percentage of infection was detected in AL- Hamidiah (62.50%), whereas the lowest infection percentage detected was in Talin nursery (10%). Common orange Balady was the most infected by Citrus tristeza virus (41.43%). No virus infection was recorded in Mandalina samples.

الخصائص الهيكلية للاقتصاد السوري و دورها في اختيار نظام الصرف الأمثل

This research aims to investigate the optimal exchange rate regime in Syria during the period 1990-2010 in order to know whether the move that took place in 2007 toward more flexible exchange rate regime, through pegging the Syrian pound to the SDR basket within margin 9%, is an optimal choice. For that purpose, we study and analyze a number of determinants relating to the economy's structural characteristics and considered in the economic literature to have an important effect on the economic performance, and hence on the choice of the optimal exchange rate regime.

The extent of commitment to the International Accounting Standards by accountants in Syria and Lebanon at recognition and measurement of tangible fixed assets (Survey of sample study)

The International Accounting Standards have gained a wide international approval where they attempted to unify accounting practices on an international level to help investors and others in the process of decision- making on a unified basis. Numerous studies in Arab countries have proved the importance of adopting and implementing these standards. Therefore, this research questions the extent of implementing the International Accounting Standards in two Arab countries: Syria and Lebanon, as regards to recognition and measurement of tangible fixed assets. This was done using a questionnaire distributed to two samples of accountants in both countries. The result that was reached verifies that accountants in both countries do not fully implement the International Accounting Standard Number 16 (property, plant and equipment). However, their accounting practice does largely approach this standard but in different sections. This makes any comparison between the opportunities available for investors in both countries lacking as it cannot be based upon any unified grounds. The research also examined the most important points which are not implemented by accountants in both countries, with regard to this standard.

The Neogene in Damascus and Kalamoun areas (SW Syria)

The study of continental Neogene deposits in Damascus and Kalamoun areas has led to distinguish two lithological formations: the bottom one is composed of debris with fine elements in general, dominated by sand and clay, widespread on its base locally remnants of volcanic basalt flow. The top formation consist of conglomerate sediments with coarse elements of mixed sizes and sources. The study showed that volcanic flow which came from the south as basaltic flow from Al-Manea Mountain to the south of Damascus, reached the southern part of Dimas Basin and not far beyond it towards the north. Also, the study demonstrated that the age of the continental deposits overlying the volcanic flows belong at their bases to Lower Miocene age, in comparison with the data of the isotopic analysis of the volcanic rocks previously recorded in the region.

A new model for structural deformation in the palmyride fold belt, Syria

The Palmyride mountain chain is the main structure in central Syria. It represents an intracontinental NE-SW trending fold belt, within the northern part of the Arabian Plate. It is bounded by the Aleppo–Mardine uplift to the North–West and by the Hamad Uplift to the South-East. This study is based mainly on numereous field geological observations. New informations are obtained about the tectonic behavior of the Palmyride fold belt. The main faults are generally normal. There is no surface geological evidence for thrusting within the Palmyrides, as suggested by the authors before. The argument to be developed in this study is that the Palmyrides fold belt owe its existence to the lateral displacement of the Triassic gypsum, not to the lateral decollement of its overlying series, and consequently no shortening of 20 km as estimated by the authors before. A simple model is proposed to explain the observed tectonic features. It is interpreted that this tectonic event induced a master transfer of the Triassic gypsum under the Arabian Plate movement toward the north and the northeast at the Neogene time.

Campanian age of the rudist vautrinia syriaca: paleogeographic implications; syria

The Rudist Vautrinia syriaca (VAUTRIN) was considered so far as characteristic of the Maastrichtian of the northern margin of the Arabian platform, but new research shows that it is not possible to retain this consideration. Indeed, in both types localities (J. Abd Al Aziz and Yeyla) this rudist is present in breccia. The biostratigraphic analysis of the environment in the first locality can assign a Campanian age or precampanien age. The study demonstrated also that the presence of the Rudist Vautrinia syriaca (VAUTRIN) within breccia and conglomeratic sediments above the ophiolitic complex in the north-west of Syria (Al Bassite - Yella hill) shows that the ophiolite emplacement along the northern Arabian Platform has happened in the Campanian time or in Precampanian time and not during the Maastrichtian time. The presence of huge blocks of ophiolite on the surface of the Turonian limestone layers near Saarinjek village in Afrin Mountains (Kurdag) confirmed that the ophiolitic complex emplaced on the edge of the Arabian Platform at the end of the Turonian / early Coniacian, and not during the Maastrichtian. The obduction of the ophiolitic complex explains the big marine transgression on the Arabian Platform since the beginning of Senonian.