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In this study a process of dying cotton fabrics 100% was carried out by direct dye Solophynel GLE Yellow and after that it was treated by cationic softening agent for improving the fastness to washing and rubbing for the fabrics which were dyed by direct dyes .we increased the molecular weight after absorbing it on the cellulosic fiber and the result is decreasing the solubility of the dye in water and increasing the fastness to washing and rubbing . and after that we carried out the washing and friction tests and evaluated the results.
A common challenge in designing a wireless system is to overcome the effects of the wireless channel, such as multi-path propagation, and Inter-symbol Interference. and the ability of OFDM to combat the effects of multi-path propagation made it th e modulation of choice for third and fourth generation networks. In OFDM system we transmit data symbols on a large number of subcarriers, and these data symbols exposed to changes in amplitude and phase, caused of noise and frequency selective fading and Doppler shift . To get the transmitted data at the receiver we must cope with these changes, so we need to know the channel response at every subcarrier and every symbol, and for that reason we use PILOTS and we use many methods to estimate the channel response depend on pilots, and the most important channel is LMMSE Method. We will discuss in these issue the wiener filtering method (LMMSE) which give best performance but it is very complicated, so we will use Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to reduce the complexity of these method and we will study the BER and MSE in both case when we use QPSK or 16QAM Modulation .
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the mechanism and the procedures of a program that classifies an input face into any of the six basic facial expressions, which are Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness and Surprise, in addition to normal face. This program works by apply PCA- principal component analysis algorithm, which is applied of one side of the face, and depends, on contrast to the traditional studies which rely on the whole face, on three components: Eyebrows, Eyes and Mouth. Those out-value are used to determine the facial feature array as an input to the neural network, and the neural network is trained by using the back-propagation algorithm. Note that the faces used in this study belong to people from different ages and races.
This research contains an analysis of performance of multiple access protocols when using for satellite channel to connect between earth station(HUB) and VSAT through satellite .The performance of those protocols has been compared through the foll owing points: 1)the transmission power which is required by the earth station. 2) the transmission power which is required by the satellite's transponder . 3)the require frequency bandwidth. 4)the maximum number of the earth stations in the network. 5)the delay which is caused by using those protocols. This study has introduced head lines to choose the proper multiple access protocol for the required service from the satellite channel preserving the lowest cost to have the ideal performance for satellite channel.
تشكل المعالم الأثرية السورية جزء اساسيا من التراث الإنساني, ومن هنا تبرز أهمية الحفاظ على هذه المعالم وعلى الرسالة التاريخية التي تنقلها للأجيال القادمة . ويعتبر انهيار الأبنية لأسباب جيوتكنيكية من أهم أسباب انهيارات الأبنية وخاصة في حالة حدوث الهزات الأرضية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة السلوك الزلزالي المتبادل بين التربة وبناء واقع في قلب مدينة دمشق القديمة وهو البرج الواقع في الواجهة الشمالية لقلعة دمشق الذي يحاذيه نهر بانياس. وقد تم الأخذ بعين الاعتبار الوضع الجيولوجي والزلزالي لموقع دمشق والمواد المستخدمة في الإنشاء ومواصفاتها الفيزيائية الحالية. وخلص البخث إلى تحديد تأثير السلوك الزلزالي للتربة على الإجهادات والانتقالات المتكونة في البناء وانعكاس وجود النهر القريب على هذا السلوك بالإضافة الى احتمالية ظهور التشققات في البناء.
The start of glass used in architecture is for decorative purposes on the walls and ceilings, then, its use developments as a transparent windows (as in Gothic architecture), up to the greenhouses. Then, the industrial revolution came to help in t he emergence of large public buildings such as buildings of railways and airports through the use of wide span and large expanses of glass in the façades to enable the entry of light to dark interior spaces. Later the international style emerged, which was most of its façades of glass, and spread to all countries, and the architecture transformed under it to timelessness and nowhere architecture. The technique of glass façades developed and grownup till the Glass Curtain Walls in recent decades, but refuse fully glazed façades by architects and environmental scientists are no longer acceptable anymore, because of a deep understanding of their various functional properties, and of the evolution of new technologies that have demonstrated the positive role of Glass Curtain Wall (aesthetically, architecturally, environmentally, socially, and structurally). This article provided a brief overview on the history of the use of the glass in architecture, concept of Glass Curtain Walls, and it’s most important systems and the most important types of glass, which used in it, to give you an idea of the available options of systems and types. Then analyzed the functional properties of the Glass Curtain Wall (glass façades), through a study of international and local examples (Damascus).
The graph-theoretical thickness (shortly thickness)of graph G, denoted by Φ(G), is the minimum number of planar subgraphs into which the graph can be decomposed, and a graph that can be drawn in the plane without any of its edges intersecting is c alled a planar graph. determining the thickness of a given graph is known to be an NP-complete problem. In this paper we introduce an application heuristic algorithm for determining the thickness. Our algorithm is based on simulated annealing optimization scheme which provide the results of the New-thick (1). We show that the simulated annealing is a efficient method to obtain good approximation for the thickness when the number vertices are at most 30 otherwise it is slower. Finally, we apply this algorithm on the heuristic algorithm Newthick and we show that the algorithm produces a good approximation and optimization solution for the thickness, and we program this algorithm with C++, and running it by laptop has RAM 2GB and CPU 2.27GHZ.
The purposes of this study were: Informing some Species of wild plants at Debah site of Hama, and knowledge of its importance in rural development in the region. Our survey indicated for 2011-2012 that Debah site is a rich region in plant biodive rsity, Results revealed the presens of /145/ species, which belong to /89/ plant genus and /29/ different families. Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae families are the most important families in the study site. It was found that the region include numbers of plant species that have different avails, and some informions of plant avails were collected through knowledge of local people and were comparised with scientific references , The knowledge in biodiversity benefits of local people has effected by many factors: age – experience– porerty . The oldest people who has an experience know a lot about biodiversity and their benefits and the starkest villages know more than the poorest ones .
One popular heat transfer augmentation technique involves the use of rough surfaces of different configurations. The rough surface aims to promote surface turbulence that is intended mainly to increase the heat transfer coefficient and surface are a. It was reported that non-flat surfaces have free convection coefficients that arrive to 50% to 100% more than those of flat surfaces. The goal of this study aims mainly to examine heat transfer enhancement from a surface with same industrial roughness created by a special tool (roughness surfaces) with different shapes under convection heat transfer compared to equivalent smooth surfaces without deformations. The results show there is no need to apply the different roughness configurations in two mutually perpendicular directions. It's enough to cause it only in one plane. And we have got the same win in surface area. The results show also the rectangular profiles of roughness give the best result.
Many constructionl systems were used in the construction of airports. These systems vary according to the development of the various aircraft models as well as to the increasing number of passengers. This study will include a review of some airpor ts buildings, which had been built depending on the metal construction technique that achieved larger architectural dimensions and spaces for passenger terminal in terms of shape and function. This research includes a study of the evolution of the metal technique used in airport construction especially for passenger terminal showing its effect in realizing the architectural space including its dimensions and spaces and in meeting the functional requirements inside it particularly securing passengers safety, comfort, and the ease of controlling their movement to the taking off places, as well as securing ventilation and natural lighting of the building.
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