Several studies have been carried out on revealing linguistic features captured by BERT. This is usually achieved by training a diagnostic classifier on the representations obtained from different layers of BERT. The subsequent classification accurac
y is then interpreted as the ability of the model in encoding the corresponding linguistic property. Despite providing insights, these studies have left out the potential role of token representations. In this paper, we provide a more in-depth analysis on the representation space of BERT in search for distinct and meaningful subspaces that can explain the reasons behind these probing results. Based on a set of probing tasks and with the help of attribution methods we show that BERT tends to encode meaningful knowledge in specific token representations (which are often ignored in standard classification setups), allowing the model to detect syntactic and semantic abnormalities, and to distinctively separate grammatical number and tense subspaces.
Shared tasks have a long history and have become the mainstream of NLP research. Most of the shared tasks require participants to submit only system outputs and descriptions. It is uncommon for the shared task to request submission of the system itse
lf because of the license issues and implementation differences. Therefore, many systems are abandoned without being used in real applications or contributing to better systems. In this research, we propose a scheme to utilize all those systems which participated in the shared tasks. We use all participated system outputs as task teachers in this scheme and develop a new model as a student aiming to learn the characteristics of each system. We call this scheme Co-Teaching.'' This scheme creates a unified system that performs better than the task's single best system. It only requires the system outputs, and slightly extra effort is needed for the participants and organizers. We apply this scheme to the SHINRA2019-JP'' shared task, which has nine participants with various output accuracies, confirming that the unified system outperforms the best system. Moreover, the code used in our experiments has been released.
The NLP field has recently seen a substantial increase in work related to reproducibility of results, and more generally in recognition of the importance of having shared definitions and practices relating to evaluation. Much of the work on reproduci
bility has so far focused on metric scores, with reproducibility of human evaluation results receiving far less attention. As part of a research programme designed to develop theory and practice of reproducibility assessment in NLP, we organised the first shared task on reproducibility of human evaluations, ReproGen 2021. This paper describes the shared task in detail, summarises results from each of the reproduction studies submitted, and provides further comparative analysis of the results. Out of nine initial team registrations, we received submissions from four teams. Meta-analysis of the four reproduction studies revealed varying degrees of reproducibility, and allowed very tentative first conclusions about what types of evaluation tend to have better reproducibility.
This paper presents the results of the shared tasks from the 8th workshop on Asian translation (WAT2021). For the WAT2021, 28 teams participated in the shared tasks and 24 teams submitted their translation results for the human evaluation. We also ac
cepted 5 research papers. About 2,100 translation results were submitted to the automatic evaluation server, and selected submissions were manually evaluated.
While emotions are universal aspects of human psychology, they are expressed differently across different languages and cultures. We introduce a new data set of over 530k anonymized public Facebook posts across 18 languages, labeled with five differe
nt emotions. Using multilingual BERT embeddings, we show that emotions can be reliably inferred both within and across languages. Zero-shot learning produces promising results for low-resource languages. Following established theories of basic emotions, we provide a detailed analysis of the possibilities and limits of cross-lingual emotion classification. We find that structural and typological similarity between languages facilitates cross-lingual learning, as well as linguistic diversity of training data. Our results suggest that there are commonalities underlying the expression of emotion in different languages. We publicly release the anonymized data for future research.
This research aims to show the importance of ensuring the
competence of all who operate specific equipment, perform tests
and/or calibrations, evaluate results, and sign test reports and
calibration certificates.
The study aims to identify the effectiveness of individual performance evaluation system in the Syrian Telecom sector, using IPA Importance-Performance Analysis to determine the dimensions of individual performance evaluation system performance and evaluation influencing the company's performance level.
The educational process at universities affected many of the physical ,human and
administrative factors ,and to determine the extent of the impact of each of these factors in
the educational process to reflect the efficiency, It is considered a ver
y difficult process .In
order to achieve output of higher education , we have to stand at the level of the
educational process efficiency and performance in universities, because it is affected by
many of the physical , human and administrative factors . which invited us to devise a
quantitative method for evaluating and measuring the educational process efficiency and
performance in school undergraduate courses. By arranging different success rates, as well
as through special test success rates in the decision, and the results that were obtained:
1-Devise mathematical relationship to measure the educational process efficiency
and performance through the installation of the proportion of applicants and the proportion
of the general success and the success rate for in decision.
2-Devise mathematical relationship to measure the educational process efficiency
and performance in courses through the test of the success rate for in decision.
3-The crisis experienced by the country has reversed dramatically and negatively
educational process efficiency and performance in courses in different years, and according
to the scientific departments.
The quality of the teaching process at the university are difficult to measure and
determine the amount of quality, because they are influenced by many of the physical,
human and administrative factors, which invited us to devise a quantitative met
hod for
evaluating and measuring the quality of the results the examination in the courses the
university through distribution analysis Recurring of the results of each course separately
and each year, either College was a theory or application, and then make a matching test
for distribution with the actual distribution Recurring Recurring theoretical standard beta
distribution using Chi-square test, and the results that have been obtained:
1. devise mathematical relationship to measure the quality of the examination results
in university courses.
2. the expense of the quality of the examination results of some courses in some four
years in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Tishreen.
3. The quality of the examination results differ from the success rate.
The importance of this research due to the importance of the health services sector, and the importance of performance evaluation of public hospitals to see the progress of its performance towards achieving the standards and goals set at the required
level , as well as a reference to the self-assessment techniques, using one EFQM model that on the one hand to assess today's performance of hospital, and situation and identify area to improve for survive, and on the other hand the map and guide of act of organizations for pay attention to effective factors, finding strong points and improve areas, down to the financial and non-financial performance indicators , and to propose appropriate measures to overcome the weaknesses in order to raise the capacity and activate services in the hospital .and to improve their performance for multiple stakeholders.
