Shadow economy is considered the most important economic problem which is still of concern to researchers for it is linked to all economic variables. It is found in all States with different economic patterns. But it is more widespread in developing
economies includes a recipe for lawful activities and other illegal .And it exists in all economic levels and affect all social strata and in all ages. Despite its characterization as a phenomenon, it cannot be overlooked as a reality.
Depending on that, this research tried to clarify the concept of the shadow economy, and identify its components. As well as, this research shows the most important macroeconomic indicators in Syria and the impact of economic variables on the shadow economy.
This research studies the trade balance in Syria, and how it has been influenced by the public development expenditure which is considered to be the major way to develop production and export capability, and to reduce the dependence on imports, so th
at the trade balance gets positive changes.
We find that the public development expenditure has significant effect both exports and imports, but the way it manages this expenditure leads to an increase in imports higher than the increase in exports. In other words, this expenditure failed to solve the problem of trade balance deficit.
Hence, there must be an expansion in the public development expenditure with efficient management to improve the level of production quantity and quality, in addition to measure the reflects of this expenditure and other economic policies on foreign trade sector constantly, so we can get the maximum benefits of it
The research about the phenomenon of informal economy so
as to cover the large number of activities that differ from one
country to another was to clarify the concept of the informal
economy and standards, and to try to measure the size of the
in
formal economy in order to clarify the relationship between the
informal economy and the export and import movement in Syria.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research was
descriptive analysis of the phenomenon of informal economy and
statistical method for data analysis through SPSS. One of the
most important findings of the research there is a strong
correlation between the informal economy and exports and imports
of Syria.
The export sector is the main driver of the development process of any country and one of the main pillars of its economy, the importance of exports lies in their ability to create new jobs, reform the deficit in the balance of payments, and attract
private investment, both domestic and foreign then they help achieve sustained growth rates. They are also the most important sources of foreign exchange, and without export the economy fails to develop and unemployment increases.
This research studies the evolution of Syrian trade balance during the period 2000 – 2010. Results show that the balance of trade suffered a deficit between (2004-2010). exports were much lower than imports. Oil exports and their impact on total exports and on the Syrian economy in general as well as agricultural exports and their share in total exports were also analyzed using Hirschman Index.
The issue of export has become a main focus of economic policy-making states,
given that exports are an important engine in the process of economic growth. So countries
seriously seek to develop their exports and improve the export capacity through
the
adoption of an export development strategy. There are many international experiences in
this field, which have achieved remarkable success in improving their export performance
and raising the level of their economic performance. When studying the reality of Syrian
exports, it is evident that they suffer from several weaknesses negatively reflected on the
reality of the Syrian economy. This research aims to address those points, depending on the
strategy of developing exports applied in different countries of the world, representing an
important developmental policy and a means for boosting economic growth. It also aims to
highlight the possibility of benefiting from successful experiences by formulating a
national strategy for the development of Syrian exports in order to improve their position at
foreign markets and achieve stable and high growth rates.
Recent technological developments have led to a major development in the ebusiness
environment, announcing the emergence of the new term “knowledge economy”
as one of the most important economic nomenclatures. E-commerce which is considered as
one
of the most significant applications of this economy has evolved a lot in the last decade
according to the evolution of its revenue in many countries around the world.
E-commerce contributes to the economic development through its positive impact on
a range of economic indicators such as GDP and export development. The aim of this
research is to study whether there was a correlation between the development of electronic
commerce and the amount of Syrian exports and imports during the period between 2000
and 2010. The results showed a good correlation between the above mentioned variables,
but with no possibility to assert whether it was a causal correlation in the light of general
economic conditions in Syria during that period.
The objective of this research was to identify the potentials of Syrian olive
oil exports through studying the current situation of the Syrian olive oil in the
world and local markets and the most important factors effecting its
competitiveness ca
pabilities in the world markets. This study was built on
analyzing the primary data obtained from the delivered questionnaires,
searches lists and personal interviews with the exporting and manufacturing
companies (30 companies) of Syrian olive oil. Some of the economic indicators
were calculated to determine the competiveness status in the import markets.
Results indicated that the Syrian olive oil exports had suffered from low
competitiveness indicators of production which was 0.12 in the most important
import markets for the studied period. In addition, the increased pricing levels
compared with other competitors in the same markets had reached an average
of 3083.98 dollars per ton representing 106% of world export price, high
production costs, the reduction of the market penetration rate related to Syrian
olive oil exports in the most important markets amounted to about 0.245 during
the second period of the study. The low value of the dependence on export
indicator compared with the competitive countries where Syria occupied the
seventh place .This means that Syria doesn’t have a good export efficiency, lack
of marketing researches on the foreign markets, the absence of promotional
programs the restrictions applied by the European Union on the exports of
Syrian olive oil, lack of access to all distribution outlets due to the dependence
of the exported companies on the exclusive agents in the process of distribution
and marketing. The results had recommended that the establishment of a
comprehensive database and accurate studies is very necessary for the Syrian
exported products, in addition to detailed studies about the major and
promising markets to Syrian olive oil exports, iImproving the Syrian business
environment to encourage the foreign direct investment to support the
competitiveness of Syrian olive oil exports.
Fruits' trading is considered one of the most important agricultural trades
in Syria, due to its big incomings and its role in supporting the national
economy. GAFTA members are representing the biggest partner for Syria in
this trade.
The aim of
this research was to assess the impact of GAFA on the exports
and imports of orange and apple which are considered the most important
Syrian fruits, by using dummy variables through the time series of (1994 -
2010). The research showed that GAFTA had no significant impact on any of
the studied commodities through the transitional phase (1998-2004), while it
had a positive significant effect on both of the exports and imports of these
commodities after the full implementation stage (2005-2010). Significant
differences were found between the three stages (before- during- after) GAFTA
implementation. after implementation stage showed significant differences
comparing to the other stages, in which the exports and imports of both orange
and apple had increased in this stage comparing to the previous ones by
quantity and value.
The search is focused on the importance of Syrian exports to the national economy،
its role of community development; and improve all economic indicators، and their direct
and basic role; and a high rate of economic growth and increasing foreign ex
change and
trade balance adjustment، reduce unemployment and increase cope positively with the
world economy; and improve other sectors of activation and improved exchange rate and
increase foreign exchange and improve conditions for foreign trade، equity and index of
trade integration and the improvement of quality and increase competitiveness، The
importance of this research is we are in urgent need current، specifically since the start of
the war to Syria since mid- March 2011، to increase foreign exchange and activate
economic sectors especially we're rebuilding. This needs to activate economic cycle and
increase exports، especially industrial and rationalizing imports، particularly of luxury.
This and requires induced economic sector arrangement. We have chosen the agriculture
sector، and the need to go to increase agricultural exports. We'll focus on it in our present
search، hoping to succeed in serving our country to withstand economic backbone and
Foundation of all other types of resilience.
In order to encourage the intra-agricultural exchange, specially for Fruit &
Vegetable Crops between Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and to decrease the
exports transportation costs, we will use the transportation model that helps on
determine the quan
tities that should be transported from the surplus region to
the shortage region, which achieve the minimum limited of the place transport
cost for the quantities that transported between three countries.
