Slavery trade in the Sudan in the era of Mohammad Pasha and his successors (1805-1879 AD)

This paper deals briefly with the slave trade in Sudan which suffered for a long time because of the involvement of its local leaders with other Africans and Europeans in this trade humanity especially during this period. The meaning of slavery first defined and its types,and position of Islam, which was manifested in the issuance of a number of judgments based on the book of Allah and Sunnah of his Messenger in order to liberate the slave and prevent their penetration , explaining the main sources and ways to obtain it, this study was also investigated in the treatment of slavery and trading them, in addition to the study examined the role of the Egyption government and the efforts it exerted to combat this trade and cancel its abolition in the era of Mohamed Ali Pasha and his successors with the most important effects and consequences.

Sources of funding for local Administration units budgets ( Syria – Egypt )

Local administration units work to formulate their economic, social and development policies that are compatible with the interests and demands of their communities, In order for these units to function and achieve their policy objectives, they need to manage their financial resources efficiently in order to avoid waste and prevent financial deficits that adversely affect their functions and sustainability. As a result, local finance is increasingly important in local management studies The aim of this study is to study the financing of the local administration units in Syria and Egypt, We will discuss the definition of the Syrian and Egyptian legislators for these units and their consideration, Then we will examine the revenues of these units at all levels in detail, indicating the sources of this funding and details of all relevant legislations and laws, The study provides some recommendations to enhance the revenues of local units and to organize their financial and legal affairs in a precise and effective manner, allowing these units to carry out their tasks effectively and in full Policies.

Venice privileges in the Arab Orient

The study deals with the question of the privileges of Venice in the Arabic Orient and the development of these privileges in the Ottoman period, by understanding the meaning of the privileges and their historical development in the Ottoman Empire and the circumstances that accompanied the granting of economic, religious and judicial privileges to the Venetians, exploited by them to achieve their interests and expand their trade. The study also deals with the Treaty of 1517 between the Ottomans and the Venetians as an example of the positive and negative effects on both sides. This treaty is considered the basis for subsequent treaties between the Ottomans on the one hand and the Venetians and the European countries on the other.

THE FATIMID LIBRARIES IN EGYPT (AH / 969-1171 AD567-358)

Libraries are considered the most important achievements of the Arab Islamic civilizatation because of their important role in spreading science among Muslims, and their impact on Europe that sunk into darkness. With the establishment of the Fatimid state in Egypt in 358/969, the Fatimids tried to compete with Baghdad in the cultural field by encouraging private and public libraries. Despite of the collapse of the Fatimid state, the books of its libraries remained preserved in the libraries of civilizations that followed, such as the Fadilia and Bimaraston Qaloun Schools .

Normal judicaire control Over the legality of administrative resolutions A Comparative Study (Syria، Egypt، France)

The trend of taking the dual judiciary system and the emergence of the administrative judiciary ، specialist to look at the administrative disputes، did not prevent the normal judiciary to exercise its role in the protection and preservation of the principle of legality and its control over the illegal resolutions and such limited control over the control of abstinence preclude the contribution of the normal judiciary in the application of illegal text ، and the late application of the legal text and justice .

Administrative Disputes before the Supreme Constitutional Court

This paper seeks to compare how the administrative disputes are seen before the Supreme Constitutional Court in relating to allegation of a Non-constitutional law or regulation relates to adjudicate in the case seeing before the Administrative Court or the Supreme Administrative Court in Jordan and Egypt. Therefore, this study aims to highlight how the administrative disputes are seen before the Supreme Constitutional Court in relating to allegation of a Non-constitutional law or regulation relates to adjudicate in the case seeing before the Administrative Court or the Supreme Administrative Court. It is true that prior to the enacting of the Administrative Justice Act No. 27 of 2014 , the Jordanian legislator used to deal with the High Court of Justice as one of the special judicial authorities, which may raise the case of allegation of unconstitutionality directly, similar to the Court of Cassation. Unlike the substantive Court which sees the case, the Jordan legislator obliged it to raise the allegation of unconstitutionality to the Court of Cassation. The Court of Cassation will decide whether to raise the appeal of unconstitutionality or not. As for the Egyptian context, Egypt depends on the law of the State Council No. 48 of 1979. This law 1979 entrusted to Court of Administrative Justice Administrative Court and the Supreme Administrative Court to raise alleged unconstitutionality law directly to the Supreme Constitutional Court.

The Procedures befor the administrative court in jordan law and comparative laws

This study aims to high light the effort of the Jordan legislator in order to developed the Administrative Judiciary Law and defeat all the challenges for the advancement of law, especially after the constitutional amendment in Jordan during 2011 .The Law appreciates the principle of administrative trail in two degrees as issued under Administrative Judicial Law No 27 in 2014. Nevertheless, these initiatives apprehend important steps to build institutional State that respects human rights and promotes democratic values in society. This study analyses critically the new Jordanian Administrative Judicial Law and compares with Egyptian Administrative Judicial Law, in order to pay attention on weakness and strengths of the Jordanian legislation. The critical analysis can help to make the Administrative Judicial Law as unique by following the experience of the Egypt.

Political and Religious Role of the God Aten during the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550 – 1295 BC)

God Ra one of the ancient Egyptian Gods how was believed to rule all the world light and radiance. In later Egyptian dynastic times and for his historical status, Ra was merged with number of the major Egyptian Gods such as God Amon-Ra. and also during the Eighteenth Dynasty he reappeared in God Aten. What made Akhenaton during the sixth year of his reign to declare Ra as the only God for Egypt and the whole world. All of this coincided with the religious and political internal and external circumstances, an increase of the priests of Amon authorities and the loss of the Egyptian empire in Syria and Nubia. The research will introduce God Aten, his origin and name, religiously and linguistically. His appearance and development and his relationship with the God Ra. Then we move to his Oneness and his political role as well as his religious activity that was distinguished in construction of temples and the high status of his priests during the reign of Akhenaten.

The Public and the French Crusade on Egypt, from Stating the French possession of Egypt Regions and Sham Area Written by Mr. Niqoula Al-Turk

In spite of the presence of many Arabic and Western books written on the French crusade, showing causes, events and effects on Egyptian people and on the entire Arab nation, there are some aspects that need more research and inspection. One of the studies that attract my attention is the public in Egypt and their stand towards the French crusade. I depended on inspecting this stand from Islamic and western resources to show the different points of view from both sides. This research is a brief account about the author, he has grown up along with the crusade and Witnessed its events. The research presented the public stand from the crusade since it landed in Alexandria port till it reached Cairo. The research showed the resistant movement of the other Egyptian regions against the French occupiers. The Egyptian regions were not occupied easily as expected by the occupiers. The research presents complete information about Cairo revolution that was taken by the public people, which terrified the occupiers, compelling them to change their policy towards the Egyptians. The research showed the absence of Napoleon while he was attacking Sham area. He returned back defeated from Sham region. The research showed the feeling the people had when the Ottoman came to save Egypt from the occupiers and the stands of the public supporting Ottoman forces when entered Cairo or in defending French from coming back to Cairo in spite of the fires burning Cairo colonies and the terrifying deaths. Finally, the research showed the people great happiness to the agreement between the Ottomans and the French which implied the French departure from Egypt and the retuning of Egypt back to Higher State of the Ottomans.

مبادئ حوكمة الشركات في سورية (دراسة مقارنة مع مصر و الأردن)

هدف هذا البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على نقاط الضعف و نواحي القصور في أدلة و قواعد حوكمة الشركات في البلدان محل الدراسة (مصر، و الأردن، و سورية) مقارنة بمبادئ منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي و التنمية OECD حول الحوكمة.