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Register a new userTHE FATIMID LIBRARIES IN EGYPT (AH / 969-1171 AD567-358)
خزائن الكتب الفاطمية في مصر ( 358 – 567ه / 969 – 1171م )
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Tishreen University ورقة بحثية
Publication date
2017
fields
History
and research's language is
العربية
Created by
Shamra Editor
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تُعد خزائن الكتب من أهم المؤسسات الثقافية التي تفخر بها الحضارة العربية الإسلامية، لدورها الكبير في نشر العلوم و المعارف بين المسلمين، و انتقال آثارها إلى أوروبا الغارقة في الظلمات عندما كانت مدينة بغداد العباسية بنور مكتباتها قبلة للعلماء و المفكرين، و مع قيام الخلافة الفاطمية في مصر 358ه/ 969م أصبحت القاهرة تنافس بغداد بالمجال الثقافي، و كانت المكتبات أشهر تلك المنافسات. اشتهرت مصر في عهد الفاطميين بمكتبات الخلفاء و الوزراء و الأمراء و المساجد و البيمارستانات، و مع اندثار الخلافة الفاطمية في مصر استمرت الحضارات التي تعاقبت بعدها في الاستفادة من بقايا كُتب الفاطميين المحفوظة في المدرسة الفاضلية و بيمارستان قلاوون.
Libraries are considered the most important achievements of the Arab Islamic civilizatation because of their important role in spreading science among Muslims, and their impact on Europe that sunk into darkness. With the establishment of the Fatimid state in Egypt in 358/969, the Fatimids tried to compete with Baghdad in the cultural field by encouraging private and public libraries. Despite of the collapse of the Fatimid state, the books of its libraries remained preserved in the libraries of civilizations that followed, such as the Fadilia and Bimaraston Qaloun Schools .
References used
ابراهيم، حسن، المعز لدين الله، مكتبة النهضة المصرية، القاهرة، 1964 م،ط1, 354ص.
الزركلي، خير الدين، موسوعة الأعلام، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت، 1986 م، ط 7, 349ص.
طرازي، فيليب، خزائن الكتب العربية، وزارة التربية الوطنية، بيروت، 1947 م، ط1,98ص.
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Levant was always expressive of travelling to Egypt, through it over invaders and
conquerors alike, so we find when all authorities and successive States in Egypt taken to
extend their power and influence to the Levantine homes, whom the Fatimids,
After
Fatimids control Egypt, even started their campaigns to Levant to expand and ensure their
security and stability, and that it did not cover over Levant interior but coastline featuring
many important metropolises, Such as the cities of Sidon, Tripoli and Latakia and other
vulnerable coastal centers, And that desire to expand into the Levant and it’s coast had her
collision with the Byzantines and their wide influence at Levant and the Levantine
coastline, Both of them had felt in the security stations its observers Levant coast
guaranteed invasion again as if the internal influence any destabilization or scaling, Which
they necessitated the military clash in a lot of times, As the influence of the parties on that
coast was between highs and lows, and subject to many considerations including domestic
situation and stability enjoyed by each other.
During the fourth and fifth centuries AH/10-11 AD, Aleppo played a major role in the history of Arabs and Islam in general, and the history of the Bilad Al-Sham in particular, as it was present for two successive states that were established in the n
orth of the Bilad Al-Sham, namely: the Hamdani state (333-406 AH / 944-1016 AD), and the Mirdasian state (415-473 AH / 1024 - 1080 AD), and during their time, Aleppo was The focus of the Fatimid Caliphate’s attention for more than a century, between the middle of the fourth century AH/10AD, and the middle of the fifth century Hegira / 11 AD, during the reigns of five Fatimid caliphs, they are: Al-Muizz Li-Din Allah (341-365 AH / 953-975 AD), Al-Aziz Billah (365-386 AH / 975-996 AD), Al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (386-411 AH / 996-1021 AD), AL-Zahir Li- Izzaz Deen Allah (411-427 AH/1021-1036 AD), and Al-Mustansir Billah (427-487 AH/1036-1094AD), Aleppo, during their covenants, took part of the administration’s attention. The Fatimids, which sought as much as they could to make it subordinate to its influence, and pushed dozens of military campaigns towards it to control it, and put it under direct Fatimid rule, It aims to unite the Bilad Al-Sham in a complete form under its control, and for importance of Aleppo location as a corridor connecting to Iraq, and wresting the leadership of the Islamic world from the Abbasid Caliphate.
Local administration units work to formulate their economic, social and development
policies that are compatible with the interests and demands of their communities, In order
for these units to function and achieve their policy objectives, they nee
d to manage their
financial resources efficiently in order to avoid waste and prevent financial deficits that
adversely affect their functions and sustainability. As a result, local finance is increasingly
important in local management studies
The aim of this study is to study the financing of the local administration units in Syria
and Egypt, We will discuss the definition of the Syrian and Egyptian legislators for these
units and their consideration, Then we will examine the revenues of these units at all levels
in detail, indicating the sources of this funding and details of all relevant legislations and
laws, The study provides some recommendations to enhance the revenues of local units
and to organize their financial and legal affairs in a precise and effective manner, allowing
these units to carry out their tasks effectively and in full Policies.
The move to the principle of separation of powers in its relative meaning has a clear
impact in achieving the confusion between the legal works of the state authorities.
Therefore, it was necessary to search for clear criteria to identify the legal
nature for those
works, especially that they differ in terms of the legal system governing them.
These criteria are important in distinguishing the administrative decisions form the
other works which the state authorities do, especially that they are an effective tool within
the hand of the administration in the face of individuals being subject to the judicial control
on the one hand, and that they are liable to be canceled and modified by the administration
on the other hand. In addition, the state is responsible for the harm caused by these acts to
individuals.
The jurisprudence and the judiciary are swinging between the two criteria even if one
of them overshadows the other. This research aims to demonstrate the criteria used in
distinguishing the administrative decision from the other legal works, as well as the
standpoint of the Syrian, Egyptian and French jurisprudence and judiciary regarding this
issue.
The trend of taking the dual judiciary system and the emergence of the administrative
judiciary ، specialist to look at the administrative disputes، did not prevent the normal
judiciary to exercise its role in the protection and preservation of the
principle of legality
and its control over the illegal resolutions and such limited control over the control of
abstinence preclude the contribution of the normal judiciary in the application of illegal
text ، and the late application of the legal text and justice .
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