Levant was always expressive of travelling to Egypt, through it over invaders and
conquerors alike, so we find when all authorities and successive States in Egypt taken to
extend their power and influence to the Levantine homes, whom the Fatimids,
After
Fatimids control Egypt, even started their campaigns to Levant to expand and ensure their
security and stability, and that it did not cover over Levant interior but coastline featuring
many important metropolises, Such as the cities of Sidon, Tripoli and Latakia and other
vulnerable coastal centers, And that desire to expand into the Levant and it’s coast had her
collision with the Byzantines and their wide influence at Levant and the Levantine
coastline, Both of them had felt in the security stations its observers Levant coast
guaranteed invasion again as if the internal influence any destabilization or scaling, Which
they necessitated the military clash in a lot of times, As the influence of the parties on that
coast was between highs and lows, and subject to many considerations including domestic
situation and stability enjoyed by each other.
The study deals with the question of the privileges of Venice in the Arabic Orient
and the development of these privileges in the Ottoman period, by understanding the
meaning of the privileges and their historical development in the Ottoman Empire
and the
circumstances that accompanied the granting of economic, religious and judicial privileges
to the Venetians, exploited by them to achieve their interests and expand their trade. The
study also deals with the Treaty of 1517 between the Ottomans and the Venetians as an
example of the positive and negative effects on both sides. This treaty is considered the
basis for subsequent treaties between the Ottomans on the one hand and the Venetians and
the European countries on the other.
During the Abbasid era , the second half of 5th century AH – 11th century A D , the levant
,which turned to a chessboard governed by conflicting states, suffered from crawling of Seljuk
empire. This situations accompanied by the death of Fatimid ca
lipha ( Al-mustansir) (487 AH-1094
AD). And as a sequence, the Ismaili cult splitted to Mustaali and Nizari. Nizariyya , which centered
in Alamut castle, north of Persia, since 448 AH/ 1095 AD, worked to establish a state in the levant.
At 535 AH/1141 AD , they bring to life a series of castlesm, named ( qelaa Alfdaoyah) ,
which continued alive over 130 years , depending on creating a balance between conflicting parties
of Zangid Ayyubids with the Franks .When the unification of the levant and Egypt was done, under
control of Mamluk , foundations of Alfdaoyah were undermined as a result. But despite its
disappearance from political theatre , their castles and remains are still a witness to their
excellence.
This research deals with the issue of consuls in the Levant in the last decades of the
Ottoman Empire, by trying to understand the meaning of the work of the consuls, and the
atmosphere that accompanied the entry into Damascus, and methods of appoi
ntment, and
then the differences among them the hope of obtaining the largest share of the bounties of
the Sultanate. The research indicates agents’ consuls and their escorts from the people of
the Sultanate, and trying to understand the relationship between the consuls, governors and
overlap, and their role in public life and exceeded their powers, and most of all looking for
the role of consuls in the conduct of trade movement and control in the Levant from ports
to markets.
The theoretical developments in archaeology have influenced the
nature of cultural inferences that can be achieved by studying material
culture. Since the fifties of last century the aims of archaeology were
beyond identifying the cultural-histori
cal context of material culture.
Instead the focus was inferring cultural aspects from artifacts and testing
assumptions on material culture. To reach such a research end, the
relationships between human behavior and material culture should be
more identified. Moreover, the evaluation of archaeological assumptions
based on material foundation ought to be measured in a context where
both human behavior and material culture can be directly observed.
Ethnoarchaeological studies, therefore, have been developed to clearly
identify human-material relationships and to testify the archaeological
assumption where behaviors can be directly observed and to identify the
factors that can affect these behaviors and their material correlates.
Despite the fact that ethnoarchaeology has been intensively practiced in
most parts of the world, less studies have been carried out in the Levant.
Hence, this paper aims at presenting the nature and conceptualization of
ethnoarchaeology, the main topics that have been studied in this part of
the world and how to use such studies for archaeological reasoning.
Moreover, it aims to suggest further research aspects that can be studied
and how to use such studies with archaeological and historical sources to
conceptualize the past in the Levant from inside.
44 sites were sampled from the Upper Pliocene (βNb
2) basaltic flows, from the
western flank and the distant eastern flank of the Levant Fault in the Buqeia area
NW of Tel Kalakh and west of Homs. Thermal demagnetization led to the
identification
of consistent directions of remanence in most sites. Normal, Reversed
and Intermediate polarities are identified, with Reversed polarities dominating.
The Intermediate polarity sites were excluded and the mean directions of the
Reversed sites were reversed.
This research deals with the importance of trade in the Levant, through the site, which produced the important commercial cities prominent, and displays the influence of Bedouin negatively and positively in the movement of trade and the danger to the movement of goods and the reputation of the state. And the impact of the road sector and the damage toll they trade, taking advantage of the geographical nature of the Levant.
