Drought is one of the most important challenges facing sustainable development in eastern Mediterranean regions, where water resources are already limited and ecosystems are fragile. Sums of weighted standardized monthly precipitation anomalies were
used to assess annual drought intensity, frequency and spatial extent in five climatic stations located in Syrian coastal region during the period 1966-2008.Changes in drought intensity were detected using trends with Mann – Kendall test. Results show that drought occurs with high frequency over all parts of the coastal region(up to 35% in some parts),but with different intensities.Extreme drought can hit all regions in some years as happened in 1972-1973. Moreover drought may strike the same region for three consecutive years (1988-1991). Also the results show an increasing tendency in drought intensityrelated to the decreasein drought index values (between 0.29-0.96). This can have serious ecological and economic consequences and will pose an increasing challenge to agriculture and the management of water resources in this region.
A Laboratory study was conducted during 2010 on the biology of seed beetles: Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus and C. analis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on lentil seeds for the first specie and chickpea seeds for the last two species. These beetles
completed 10, 8 and 5 generations respectively when they were active (from March to November for the first and second species and from April to October for the third species ). C. maculatus laid an average of 100.29 ± 18.26 eggs over a period of 11.14 ± 0.64 days, C. chinensis laid 83.29 ± 6.32 eggs over 6.43 ± 0.49 days and C. analis 75.29 ± 9.05 eggs over 6.71 ± 0.70 days. The total development process from egg to adult takes an average of 25.87 ± 3.29, 31.43 ± 5.09 and 35.36 ± 3.49 days respectively for species under the ambient laboratory conditions. There was no difference in the development time between males and females except for C. maculatus, where the male emerged about twelve hours before the female. Sex ratio (male: female) was more in favour of female than male in C. chinensis (1: 1.1) and more in favour of male than female in C. maculatus (1.1: 1), but equal in C. analis (1: 1).
The parasite wasp Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) could be considered the first recorded on C. maculatus in Syria.
This study was conducted in the village of Almetrkyah located in the southern
coastal plain of Lattakia city during 2014. In order to study the effect of Cucumber mosaic
virus on growth and development of two varieties of peppers, hybrid ESTAR F1 H
(sweet
pepper) and Demer(spicy pepper). This study included eight treatments, four treatments
for each variety. Plants were mechanically inoculated in three different stages, preflowering
bloom, flowering andpost-flowering stages each beside its non-inoculated
control. The result should that, the appearance of Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms on
infected sweet hybrid, was within four days before its appearance on inoculated spicy
variety,symptoms were leaf crinkle, leaf deformation, yellow patches and plant stunting.
Inoculated plants showed reduction in number of leaves, number of branches and yield.
Plants in pre flowering bloom stage were more effected by virus infection in both
varieties. Meannumber of leaves per plant of ESTAR F1 H hybrid were 130 in pre
flowering bloom stage compared with 170 leaf/plant in the control treatment. Mean
number of branches per plant of ESTAR F1 H hybrid were 43,4 branch/plant in pre
flowering bloom stage compared with 56,7branch/plant in the control treatment. Total
pepper production per plant was 700,8g in infected plants in preflowering bloom stage
compared with 1267,5g/plant in ESTAR F1 H hybrid control. Results of Demer variety
take the same results of ESTAR F1 H hybrid. The effect of virus infection on pepper plants
were reduced when inoculation were done during flowering stage and post-flowering stage,
differences were significant between inoculated plants in both varieties.
The phenomenon of the shadow economy represents a threat to the national economy in most countries because it is high rates of gross national product., Which includes all economic activities practiced by individuals or companies have been not recorde
d officially and not intervened in the national income accounts also it not subject to the administrative and legal systems , it will leads to mislead in statistics and information and making it inaccurate and shows not true potential of the state, which in turn lead to the misallocation of economic resources and the gross national product. This research aims to study the causes of this phenomenon and ways of tackling them in Syria.
This work was designed to investigate the effect of temperature of frozen storage and
its duration on some chemical properties (Protein, Ash, Moisture,Lipid) of fishes Rabbit
fish (Siganus rivulatus). The fishes were subjected (from one weak to 150 day) of frozen
storage at two different degrees of low temperatures (-18 C,-24 C).
This research was done at Syrian coast (Lattakia and Tartous) where the research
information were gather from 4 distributor area in (Tartous, Banias, Jableh, Kerdaha)
during the period 2011-2012. (20) areas were choosed and Questionnaire was used w
ith
personality interview form for tomato farmers. The results signed to presence very strong
correlation (r = 0.968) between production as dependent variable (y) and planted area at
Syrian coast level as independent variable (x), whereas correlation was average (r = 0.620)
between productivity as as dependent variable (y) and area as independent variable (x).
The results also signed that (72.98%) of producing protectorate tomato was being
marketed to wholesale market, whereas (22.07%) of production was being marketed to
tomato past factories, (4.95%) was being marketed to processor factories for exterior
export.
A biological study of Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt on branched broomrape
(Orobanche ramosa L.) which infest tomato crop, in the coastal region of Syria, was
conducted during 2011/2012 growing season. It included a study of some biological
parameters:
The preoviposition, oviposition, post oviposition, total number of eggs laid
per female, and total developmental period, at 25 ± 1ºc, 30 ± 1ºc and 70±5% RH. The
results showed that the fertilized females insert their eggs singly in the flowers (seed
capsules) and sometimes in the shoots of O. ramosa. The average of the total number of
eggs per female was 12.90 ± 5.41, 13.50 ± 7.53 at 25 ± 1ºc, 30 ± 1ºc, respectively,
without significant differences. The preoviposition period was 3.60 ± 0.79 day at 25 ±
1ºc, and decreased to 1.90 ± 0.32 day at 30 ± 1ºc with significant differences. The
average values of other biological parameters (oviposition, post oviposition) were higher
at 25 ± 1ºc, without significant differences. This insect has three larval instars, and the
larvae complete its development and pupate inside seed capsules. the developmental
period of pupa for female was shorter than pupa for male, and the total developmental
period of P. orobanchia occupied 18.5 ± 3.49, 17.75 ± 2.99 day for male, and 17.7 ±
2.93, 16.7± 2.6 day for female at 25 ±1ºc, 30±1ºc respectively.
This research aims to reveal the relationship between moral intelligence and selfesteem
among a sample of third-year students in the College of Education and Engineering
Informatics at the University of Damascus, also it aims to find out the differ
ences between
third-year students in the College of Education and Engineering Informatics at the
University of Damascus in moral intelligence and self-esteem depending on the variable
Specialization (psychological counseling, Informatics Engineering), and variable sex (male
and female), has formed research sample of 310 students from the third year students in the
College of Education and Engineering Informatics at the University of Damascus,
distributors to (72) to guide myself and (238) Engineering Informatics, randomly selected
class of the College of Education and Informatics Engineering at Damascus University.
The measure applied to them moral intelligence and a measure of self-esteem of the
researcher after the Pttbaiqama the exploratory sample confirmed Sedkhma and Thbathma.
The lithologic and palaeontologic study of the marine Neogene in Salquine
area (NW Of Syria) gave new data which allowed the distinguishing of a
number of lithostratigraphic units and the determination of their ages. This led
to precise lithostrat
igraphic correlations between the studied area and the
neighboring areas, and finally a clear knowledge of the geological evolution of
the area during the Neogene. The stratigraphic distribution of the planktonic
foraminifera in the area showed a perfect agreement with what is known
during the Tethys Neogene. The comparison with the neighboring areas led to
the discovery of an important stratigraphic lacuna in Salquine area during
salinity period of the Upper Miocene of the Mediterranean region.
