God Ra one of the ancient Egyptian Gods how was believed to rule all the world light and radiance. In later Egyptian dynastic times and for his historical status, Ra was merged with number of the major Egyptian Gods such as God Amon-Ra. and also duri
ng the Eighteenth Dynasty he reappeared in God Aten. What made Akhenaton during the sixth year of his reign to declare Ra as the only God for Egypt and the whole world.
All of this coincided with the religious and political internal and external circumstances, an increase of the priests of Amon authorities and the loss of the Egyptian empire in Syria and Nubia. The research will introduce God Aten, his origin and name, religiously and linguistically. His appearance and development and his relationship with the God Ra. Then we move to his Oneness and his political role as well as his religious activity that was distinguished in construction of temples and the high status of his priests during the reign of Akhenaten.
This research focuses on the relations of the southern states of Arabian
Peninsula namely states of Sheba , Ma’en , Qataban and Hadramout with
their neighboring states in the middle east including Egypt , the fertilized
Crescent and the Mediterran
ean. The research emphasizes the
commercial relations exemplified by the heavy caravans carrying
frankincense and Teeb (fragrance and associated herbs and ingredients)
from the south into the northward lands.
The research depends largely on the latest writings and recently
revealed archaeological scriptures. However, the research is not only
confined to address these commercial ties but also enlighten other
relations including the economical, political and bilateral social and
cultural influences of each part on the other. Indeed, the need for these
products in the old world carried significant attention and economical
growth due to substantial agricultural increase and technical innovations.
Having these privileges, the Southern states of Arabia became susceptible
to yearning of the great powers such as Romans, Persians, and Greeks.
Studying old history of this region is no doubt will show how economy
and commercial contacts can embody also further relations with respect
to war , peace , and challenge .
هدف هذا البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على نقاط الضعف و نواحي القصور في أدلة و قواعد حوكمة الشركات في البلدان محل الدراسة (مصر، و الأردن، و سورية) مقارنة بمبادئ منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي و التنمية OECD حول الحوكمة.
تسعى الدراسة إلى تفحص عملية تشكل جماعات الليبراليين العرب الجدد-
بوصفها تحولا جديدا في الظاهرة الليبرالية - و دورها في عملية التغيير و الإصلاح
الجارية في المنطقة العربية، و هل هذا الدور يدفع باتجاه يزيل التناقض بين الليبرالية،
و العروبة أو يزيد ارتباط النخب الليبرالية بالفكر الغربي؟.
This study aims to high light the effort of the Jordan legislator in order to developed
the Administrative Judiciary Law and defeat all the challenges for the advancement of law,
especially after the constitutional amendment in Jordan during 2011 .
The Law appreciates
the principle of administrative trail in two degrees as issued under Administrative Judicial
Law No 27 in 2014. Nevertheless, these initiatives apprehend important steps to build
institutional State that respects human rights and promotes democratic values in society.
This study analyses critically the new Jordanian Administrative Judicial Law and
compares with Egyptian Administrative Judicial Law, in order to pay attention on
weakness and strengths of the Jordanian legislation. The critical analysis can help to make
the Administrative Judicial Law as unique by following the experience of the Egypt.
This paper seeks to compare how the administrative disputes are seen before the
Supreme Constitutional Court in relating to allegation of a Non-constitutional law or
regulation relates to adjudicate in the case seeing before the Administrative Cour
t or the
Supreme Administrative Court in Jordan and Egypt.
Therefore, this study aims to highlight how the administrative disputes are seen
before the Supreme Constitutional Court in relating to allegation of a Non-constitutional
law or regulation relates to adjudicate in the case seeing before the Administrative Court or
the Supreme Administrative Court.
It is true that prior to the enacting of the Administrative Justice Act No. 27 of 2014 ,
the Jordanian legislator used to deal with the High Court of Justice as one of the special
judicial authorities, which may raise the case of allegation of unconstitutionality directly,
similar to the Court of Cassation.
Unlike the substantive Court which sees the case, the Jordan legislator obliged it to
raise the allegation of unconstitutionality to the Court of Cassation. The Court of Cassation
will decide whether to raise the appeal of unconstitutionality or not.
As for the Egyptian context, Egypt depends on the law of the State Council No. 48 of
1979. This law 1979 entrusted to Court of Administrative Justice Administrative Court and
the Supreme Administrative Court to raise alleged unconstitutionality law directly to the
Supreme Constitutional Court.
The trend of taking the dual judiciary system and the emergence of the administrative
judiciary ، specialist to look at the administrative disputes، did not prevent the normal
judiciary to exercise its role in the protection and preservation of the
principle of legality
and its control over the illegal resolutions and such limited control over the control of
abstinence preclude the contribution of the normal judiciary in the application of illegal
text ، and the late application of the legal text and justice .
Libraries are considered the most important achievements of the Arab Islamic
civilizatation because of their important role in spreading science among Muslims, and
their impact on Europe that sunk into darkness. With the establishment of the Fatimi
d state
in Egypt in 358/969, the Fatimids tried to compete with Baghdad in the cultural field by
encouraging private and public libraries. Despite of the collapse of the Fatimid state, the
books of its libraries remained preserved in the libraries of civilizations that followed, such
as the Fadilia and Bimaraston Qaloun Schools .
The study deals with the question of the privileges of Venice in the Arabic Orient
and the development of these privileges in the Ottoman period, by understanding the
meaning of the privileges and their historical development in the Ottoman Empire
and the
circumstances that accompanied the granting of economic, religious and judicial privileges
to the Venetians, exploited by them to achieve their interests and expand their trade. The
study also deals with the Treaty of 1517 between the Ottomans and the Venetians as an
example of the positive and negative effects on both sides. This treaty is considered the
basis for subsequent treaties between the Ottomans on the one hand and the Venetians and
the European countries on the other.
This paper deals briefly with the slave trade in Sudan which suffered for a long time
because of the involvement of its local leaders with other Africans and Europeans in this
trade humanity especially during this period. The meaning of slavery fir
st defined and its
types,and position of Islam, which was manifested in the issuance of a number of
judgments based on the book of Allah and Sunnah of his Messenger in order to liberate the
slave and prevent their penetration , explaining the main sources and ways to obtain it, this
study was also investigated in the treatment of slavery and trading them, in addition to the
study examined the role of the Egyption government and the efforts it exerted to combat
this trade and cancel its abolition in the era of Mohamed Ali Pasha and his successors with
the most important effects and consequences.
