MultiOpEd: A Corpus of Multi-Perspective News Editorials

We propose MultiOpEd, an open-domain news editorial corpus that supports various tasks pertaining to the argumentation structure in news editorials, focusing on automatic perspective discovery. News editorial is a genre of persuasive text, where the argumentation structure is usually implicit. However, the arguments presented in an editorial typically center around a concise, focused thesis, which we refer to as their perspective. MultiOpEd aims at supporting the study of multiple tasks relevant to automatic perspective discovery, where a system is expected to produce a single-sentence thesis statement summarizing the arguments presented. We argue that identifying and abstracting such natural language perspectives from editorials is a crucial step toward studying the implicit argumentation structure in news editorials. We first discuss the challenges and define a few conceptual tasks towards our goal. To demonstrate the utility of MultiOpEd and the induced tasks, we study the problem of perspective summarization in a multi-task learning setting, as a case study. We show that, with the induced tasks as auxiliary tasks, we can improve the quality of the perspective summary generated. We hope that MultiOpEd will be a useful resource for future studies on argumentation in the news editorial domain.

Classifying Argumentative Relations Using Logical Mechanisms and Argumentation Schemes

While argument mining has achieved significant success in classifying argumentative relations between statements (support, attack, and neutral), we have a limited computational understanding of logical mechanisms that constitute those relations. Most recent studies rely on black-box models, which are not as linguistically insightful as desired. On the other hand, earlier studies use rather simple lexical features, missing logical relations between statements. To overcome these limitations, our work classifies argumentative relations based on four logical and theory-informed mechanisms between two statements, namely, (i) factual consistency, (ii) sentiment coherence, (iii) causal relation, and (iv) normative relation. We demonstrate that our operationalization of these logical mechanisms classifies argumentative relations without directly training on data labeled with the relations, significantly better than several unsupervised baselines. We further demonstrate that these mechanisms also improve supervised classifiers through representation learning.

The argumentaion theory : Laders and Techniques

The purpuse of the speech whatever its type is the inflence so the speaker tries so hard to produse linguistic words that direct the reciever towards a specific action.The importance of the argumintation theory lies in the depending on the speech techniques which the sender use in the speech .And which make his speech acceptable to the reciever.The argumentation theory started in the fields of Linguistics ,Logic ,Anthropology…etc and different other sciences.It becomes a complete theory after Perlman's researches which the scientists work on.All the analytists and researchers get benefit from in the communication and connecting theory.Relying on the speaker's techniques in achieving a successful connecting that leags to a real communication is the purpose of argumenation theory which is a still growing.And which considers the speech act theory as a scientific background.

The concept of Argumentation for Aristotle

Studies and research about rhetoric have varied concerning the definition of rhetoric, but most of them look at rhetoric from on side only. Rhetoric was classified as being a kind of research concerned with the art of persuasion in its techniques, means and components. But it is certain that the political and social conditions of the greak life, led these philosophical studies and linguistic research especially, rhetoric. This made Aristotle divide rhetoric into three sections. The research delt with two main titles, the first one was Rhetoric according to Aristotle. It combines between mans ability to speak and express on one hand becavse man is a speaker and expressor who naturally looks for persuasion. In his speech, he tries to convince as many people as possible. To do this, he uses many instinctive means. Aristotle was concerned with rhetoric due to its mental and psychological sides. He tried to find a kind of balance between the means of persuasion and means of influence. He made convincing help infuencing. He diffentiated between kinds of proofs, the made proofs and the non made proofs. The other ones were the base of the rhetoric structure for Aristotle. The argumentative linguistic text is different from other texts that it builds an interactive structure based on some means that aim to persuade and affect the recipient.

Mental and Emotional Persuasion Tools (the speech of Abullah Ibn Yehia, Head of Ibadyyeh when ruling Yemen)

The research presents is an attempt to study the Techniques and tactics of speech which convince the receiver of its notions and ideas so that he takes them for granted then it applies them to a historical text which is "the speech of Abullah Ibn Yehia, Head of Ibadyyeh when ruling Yemen". the research also attempts to make a compromise clarifying both sides of the saying : the theoretical and the practical alongside the tacticse utilized in persuasion. The orator\ speaker begins with emotional usages emanated from tribal thoughts that both the receiver and the sender embrace taking them from Islamic law principles which evoke fear in the Muslim receiver as they are ready-made arguments. Then they display emotional mental ones that refrain from grabbing the attention of the receiver but make him aware of the disappearance of classes' differences with the sender. This happens in instructional strategies that enabled him to have an impact upon the receiver knowing his intentions and aim via some data of pragmatic linguistics which rely on argumentation, verbal acts and subtle expressionistic styles deployed in this same context. This pragmatic might be the best when it comes to studying his speech, analyzing it, then unraveling its tools of persuasion taking into account that is a science that studies language in context.

The mechanisms of argumentative inference to the poetry of Early Islamic era

This research fox on the mechanisms of argumentative inference to the poetry of Early Islamic era , and we don't mean of inference the strict logical one , but the pragmatic inference which fucuses on language in the context of use and in the social and cultural context . And this study isn't restricted on political dialectic poetries , so that how many poetries exudes self disappear behind it deep argumentative dimension .

Informative & Communicative Tenors in the story of Meriam

The Quranic text, through being a divine message, formed a messaging structure according to communication rules so it talked and contacted the other and got a great deal of study and analysis. So scientists and researchers, veterans and contemporary, studied all the phenomena in this valuable book. The more we study the Quranic text from different side, the more uncovered faces we find. For example, the phenomenon of communication was opened to the situations of people and everything related to their permanent renewal and development, taking persuasion in a way to attract people towards Islam. The Quran came to underscore his relationship with the Creator and itself and other people. It's a message addressed to all humanity, depends in which to address the mind in the process of persuasion, offering a living language suitable for all ages, has an effective role in persuading others, essentially forwarded to influence the views of the addressee, swaying the mind according to a specific linguistic strategy based on the employment of language within renewed structure linked ideologue and the receiver within a social and psychological context with the purpose of influencing the recipient. The Quranic Text tells stories for facing reality and does not decide the truth, but to change void, which is the supreme goal of communication where speaker tries to effect the other and makes him convinced with the new offer and gets the answer to influence the other new party, therefore forces the argument relying on stories of the prophets and messengers who were sent to previous nations. Hence the importance of research rises as one of the scientific subjects that connects to the clearest book in the world, which is Quran. The connection is elevated to be informed of the most important linguistic science as a whole . As well as investigating the phenomena in the Quran and trying to detect underneath by evidence based on modern scientific theories, you are searching through a science of foundations and different control rules all through Quran. I have chosen Informative & Communicative Tenors in the story of Meriam as a subject of study because it's a new research in Contemporary Arab Studies in theoretical part and limitations of empirical studies in the field of Quran analysis.

The Poetics of Argumentation in the Poetic Text: Al - Ra'i Al – Numairi' (Daliah) as a Model

This textual study aims at revealing the effectiveness of argumentation in structuring the poetic text. The study discusses two basic dimensions in this regard: first, the theoretical dimension that will identify the concept of argumentation in Aristotle's poetics, Arabic lexicon and the traditional Arabic Rhetorical discourse. This dimension will also discuss the different views given by argumentation scholars in modern poetics. Finally, it will describe the relationship between argumentation and culture, especially in cultural studies. The second dimension is the practical one in which Al – Ra'i Al- Numairi's (Daliah) will be taken as a model because of being a political text. This text is made up of four paratexts: distance and discrepancies of events, the extra-ordinary adventure and the consequences of the unknown the revolutionary self and the worrying nighttime, and the blaming female and the rebellions male. All these paratexts together provide clues about argumentative writing that clarifies the confusion in the relationship between Al – Ra'i Al - Numairi who represents the oppressed and the Ommayad authority represented by the caliph Abdul Malik Bin Marwan.