المنطق السينوي: موضوعه و علاقته بالفلسفة

هدف هذا البحث إلى طرح مشكلات تشكل مداخل موضوعية لمنطق ابن سينا، و ذلك من خلال تحليل الرؤية السينوية في ثلاث أفكار أساسية أولهما: الفهم السينوي لعلاقة المنطق بالفلسفة، تلك العلاقة التي تشابكت بين النظرة اليونانية ممثلة بأرسطو و المناطقة الرواقيين من جهة، و الفلسفة العربية الإسلامية من جهة أخرى، إذ حاولنا الكشف عن الرؤية السينوية لهذه العلاقة و أثرها في المنطق العربي بعده. ثانيهما: موضوع المنطق و مفرداته: و بحثنا في هذا الجانب عن الأثر المنطقي الأرسطي في ابن سينا في تصوراته عن موضوع المنطق و هل استطاع الأخير تجاوز نظرة الأول في مفردات المنطق و أولوية هذه المفردات؟، كذلك تناول البحث الأثر الرواقي في منطق ابن سينا. و الكشف عن العلاقة بين المنطق و اللغة، و ذلك لأمرين اثنين الأول منهما: أن السمة المميزة للمنطق الرواقي أنه ذو مشربٍ لغوي. أما الثاني منهما: فناتج عن عملية ترجمة المنطق من لغة يونانية إلى لغة عربية. ثالثهما: محاولة ابن سينا تشكيل منطق مشرقي مختلف في بنيته و أهدافه و موضوعه عن المنطق الأرسطي و المنطق العربي ذي النزعة المغربية، تلك النزعة التي تزعمتها حركة الترجمة العربية و الشرح الثلاثي الطبقات على يد متى ابن يونس، و من ثم الفارابي، و أخيرًا ابن رشد، فهل نجح في ذلك؟ و سعى البحث عمومًا للكشف عن نوع العلاقة بين المنطقين اليوناني و العربي، هل هي علاقة استمرار و بناء و تطوير، أم أنها علاقة قطع و بدء من صفر لا تاريخي، أم أن هناك شك ً لا ثالثًا لها؟

The Aristotelian Categorical Proposition and the Symbolic Logic Attitude of it: (Frege as a Pattern)

There is no doubt that the categorical proposition constituted the cornerstone of Aristotelian logic, and the viewpoint of modern logic about it - especially Frege- has been a landmark for a new logic. This research aims to study the Frege’s view of Aristotelian categorical proposition to cover all essential parts and formats by comparing them with the similar in modern logic that also been formed by Frege, or by the influence of him. So our research will study the most important differences between ancient and modern logic. And we will try to shed light on categorical proposition's forms by Frege. Then, we will study the whole modern opinions about the cutout matter between both ancient and modern logic by analyzing the new Frege's viewpoint about the structure of Aristotelian categorical proposition and its forms. Finally, our research seeks to define and describe the form of relationship between both Aristotelian and modern logic; is it a continuous developmental relation, a cutout and creation of a new logic, or is there a third form for this relationship?.

The Reverberation of the Western Reading of the Rushdi Text in Some Modern Arabic Readings

This study aims to an alyzesome of the Arabic readings of the philosophical texts of Ibn Rushd and to demonstrate their influence on the ones that western researchers have followed. In spite of the ideological dimensions of oriental studies, they opened new horizons and introduced approaches that affected the way we deal with Rushditexts. Moreover. they have presented intellectual challenges that must be dealt with cognitively, not only with a prejudiced selective manner. The researcher tries to point out to the reasons which made the Arabic readings for Cordoba differ from one researcher, sometimes to the extent of complete opposition.

Relationship of Unity and Multiplicity from Thales to Socrates

This research discusses the interpretation of existence by the early Greek philosophers from Thales to Socrates based on the study of the relationship between the unity and multiplicity; and its interpretation in the Greek philosophy. Such interpretation depends on keeping far from the belief that Mythology depended on. Rather, it relies on the mind to seek the reality of this existence that philosophy-from its cradle-held it the basis for seeking reality wherever it exists.

The moral basis of scientific knowledge in popper philosophy

The research addressed a critical analytical study of the moral basis of scientific knowledge from the viewpoint of the contemporary philosopher of science Karl popper, throughout his opinion on the fact that scientific knowledge is incomplete when not based on cognitive approach and moral content which protect it from slipping and error, stressing the close relationship and the strong correlation between knowledge and ethics, which if deviated affected the standards of science as a whole. Results showed that knowledge, generally, is everyone's right to possess, threr resides the truth, and to reach this truth there must be many methodologies, says popper, the most important of which is the critical approach and rational dialog, by which we realize that the human makes mistakes and, consequently, his knowledge may be wrong, and to access the real scientific knowledge the skeptical approach should be followed in which the premise is tested in different ways. Popper pointed out that the insightful human recipient can exercise these logical operations, and the insightful human is naturaly forgivable non- fanatic, open to criticism, non-monopolistic of knowledge and therefore the basis of knowledge is purely ethical, without which knowledge loses its meaning and credibility.

The Principle of Causality in Myth

This approach discusses the Causality principal in ancient Iraqain civilization trying to answer the important question which is: Did the Iraqian thought believe in Causality and depend on it? Did Iraqian Myths include this principle? And if the answer is yes, can we say that the ancient Iraqian Causality is similar to the temporary scientific Causality which dependson stationary lows in all cases? We will try to answer these questions depending on our understanding of the ancient Iraqian world: What is the relationship among its existents? What are the powers which control this world and how? And how much man canchangethe destiny of the world? These questions will be answered depending on the ancient Iraqian Myths trying to highlight importance of this civilization which have affected humanity.

The Material Insight Between Buddhism and Marxism

Could Buddhism really comptete Marxism in its material tendency? This would be the point of focus of this piece of research through a comparative study between Buddhism and Marxism in the light of the viewpoint of each of them toward materialism and such relevant issues as the cosmos, God, religion, consciousness, dialectics….etc. therefore, we shall endeavor basically to prove that Buddhism was not---- as is believed ---- a philosophical spiritual school, quite contrastively, it was a realistically dynamic materialistic school. If we could strike this point, Buddhism would be in the same domain as Marxism. This is so if we did not consider them two cumulative school. Needless to say that a few discrepancies whether relating to methodological or to the change of the spaciotemporal or social change have been closely scrutinized.

The Popper - Kuhn Debate Reexamined

The nature of scientific progress and the rationality of scientific change lie at the centre of Karl Popper’s and Thomas Kuhn’s thought. This paper provides an analysis of the Popper - Kuhn debate over those issues; according to which, Kuhn is portrayed as subjectivist and relativist, while Popper emerges as objectivist and realist. The paper is divided into three parts. Popper’s claims regarding scientific progress and rationality are examined in Part One. It is argued that Popper’s philosophy is inherently value-driven, while defending the objective characteristics of scientific truth. Part Two explores Kuhn’s conception of science, of the rationality of science and scientific progress. Kuhn argued that knowledge is relative only to the accepted paradigm. Part Three is taken up with a comparative discussion of the main issues related to the Kuhn - Popper debate.

Phenomenology of the Religions Experience

This research deals with the religious experience from the phenomenological point of view. The method used in this investigation will be descriptive aiming at the arrival to essences concerning this kind of lived experiences. Description does not refer to simple and neutral, but refers firstly to the "epoch" to the natural attitude and pass over towards phenomenological reduction. This will permit us to perceive the essences of the experiences, ie. What is aimed by phenomenological method.

Nation, State and the Future of Peoples

This study tries to examine human group in general and in developing countries in particular. This is not only to trace its progress but also to find an answer to the question that became very crucial nowadays which is: On which base could a group of individuals be gathered or connected? What would the best form of human union? This question became significant considering the clashes troubles and wars the whole world have witnessed and still witness.In order to answer the question we have to pass on and define a number of conceptions that were very problematic in the history of modern Arab thinking and in the contemporary one as well. Such as: Nation, State, nation-state, connectedness, civil society and other conceptions that were ultimately unobvious and misused. this study tries to develop a new concept which is related to the historical progress theory. It criticizes the claim of the end of the history but it shows the other side of historical progress that goes on the opposite direction of the natural progress. This new movement of the history is a movement towards the past instead of moving towards future. This is the dangerous dimension of this orientation because it expresses the great Reaction in the social and political life. This problems is what this study tries to focus on.