The uniform information density (UID) hypothesis posits a preference among language users for utterances structured such that information is distributed uniformly across a signal. While its implications on language production have been well explored,
the hypothesis potentially makes predictions about language comprehension and linguistic acceptability as well. Further, it is unclear how uniformity in a linguistic signal---or lack thereof---should be measured, and over which linguistic unit, e.g., the sentence or language level, this uniformity should hold. Here we investigate these facets of the UID hypothesis using reading time and acceptability data. While our reading time results are generally consistent with previous work, they are also consistent with a weakly super-linear effect of surprisal, which would be compatible with UID's predictions. For acceptability judgments, we find clearer evidence that non-uniformity in information density is predictive of lower acceptability. We then explore multiple operationalizations of UID, motivated by different interpretations of the original hypothesis, and analyze the scope over which the pressure towards uniformity is exerted. The explanatory power of a subset of the proposed operationalizations suggests that the strongest trend may be a regression towards a mean surprisal across the language, rather than the phrase, sentence, or document---a finding that supports a typical interpretation of UID, namely that it is the byproduct of language users maximizing the use of a (hypothetical) communication channel.
Although grammatical error correction (GEC) has achieved good performance on texts written by learners of English as a second language, performance on low error density domains where texts are written by English speakers of varying levels of proficie
ncy can still be improved. In this paper, we propose a contrastive learning approach to encourage the GEC model to assign a higher probability to a correct sentence while reducing the probability of incorrect sentences that the model tends to generate, so as to improve the accuracy of the model. Experimental results show that our approach significantly improves the performance of GEC models in low error density domains, when evaluated on the benchmark CWEB dataset.
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the aryl azide and some its of derivatives with cyclohex-
2-en-1-one was studied theoretically using different methods of Density Functional
Theory (DFT): B3LYP, B3PW91, MPW1PBE, MPW1PW91 and M062X with the basic
s
et 6-31g(d). Most of the used levels of theories provide closed results qualitatively, and
the results of the level of theory M062X / 6-31g (d) show that these reactions in the gas
state are spontaneously to form two products, but all the reactions are very slow and one of
the products P1 is more spontaneous and faster than the other P2 , and when these
reactions were studied with different solvents, it is found that solvents to have no actual
effects on the rates of these reactions.
The results of the level of theory M062X / 6-31g (d) indicate that the Gibbs free energy of
the reactions for the substitutes of Aryl increases in negative values in order of 2,6-Cl, -4
NO2, 4-OCH3, 3-OCH3, 3-Cl, 2 -Cl, H-; i.e., the substitutes do not have a significant
effect on the spontaneity of reactions compared to the substitute-H. It was observed that
TS-P1 transition state energy for all substitutes was lower than TS-P2 transition state
energy.
The research was carried out in the agricultural season 2016-2017 the village of
DweirRaslan Tartous governorate with three planting dates (20 November - 10 December -
1 January) and three densities (12 - 14 - 16 plants / m2) Where the planting tim
e was the
main pieces and the plant density occupied the dissecting pieces once to study the effect of
planting date and plant density on some morphological characteristics of white thermos
plant.
The results showed that dates of the early dates (November 20) were higher in plant height,
with an average of 64 cm and surface area of the paper surface at an average of 24.367
thousand. M 2 / ha and in shape of the length of the century with an average of 7.50 cm.
As for the plant density, the plants of density12 plants / m 2 in the height of plant exceeded
an average of 65.6 cm and length of the century with an average of 8.13 cm, while the
plants of density 16 plants / m 2 in the area of paper area average 24.213 thousand. M2 / ha
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the aryl azide and some its of derivatives with cinnamic
acid was studied theoretically using different methods of Density Functional Theory
(DFT): B3LYP, B3PW91, MPW1PBE, MPW1PW91 and M062X with the basic set 6-
3
1g(d). Most of the used levels of theories provide closed results qualitatively, and the
results of the level of theory M062X / 6-31g (d) show that these reactions in the gas state
carried out spontaneously to form several stable energy products; the products P1 and P2
are most stable, but all the reactions are very slow and one of the products P1 is more
spontaneous than P2 , but the formation reaction of P2 is faster.
On the other hand, when these reactions were studied with different solvents, it is found
that solvents to have no actual effects on the rates of these reactions.
There are a lot of studies with conflicting results about the correlation between blood
levels of vitamin D and lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc) and the effect of
treatment with vitamin D supplements on it. This study aimed to investig
ate the effect of
vitamin D and calcium supplements on lipid profile.
This study included 59 volunteers who received these supplements for prevention of
osteoporosis as a prescription from orthopedic doctors between 11/2016 to 1/2018. The
average of age was 49±8 years. The plasma values of TC, LDLc, HDLc were measured
using enzymatic colorimetric method ( Biosystems kits ) in Tishreen hospital before
treatment and after two months. The results were analyzed by T-Student test, and P value
<0.05 was considered significant. The mean plasma levels of LDLc before treatment were
(100.983 ±28.36) mg/dl, and after two months of treatment were (102.249±27.478) mg/dl,
and the difference was not significant. The mean plasma levels of HDLc before treatment
were (68.056 ±14.369) mg/dl and after two months of treatment were (62.715 ± 14.39)
mg/dl, and the difference was significant. We advise to measure plasma lipid levels during
treatment with these supplements depending on the changes that observed in this study.
The research was executed within the season 2016, in the west of
HOMS in the first settlement area.
The study has showed the effect of plant density and nitrogen
fertilization was studied on the growth and productivity of soybeans
Glycine max L . (Sb44).
This research has studied some of the physical properties for
Castanea sativa Mill. And Quercus cerris subsp. Pseudocerris, which
have small diameters resulting from the processes of breeding and
development and are related to the most important uses of modern
wood.
This paper discuss the Laser induced breakdown
spectroscopy (LIBS) by using Nd:YAG which is a high energy
pulsed Laser . The laser radiation is focused on solid targets which
are samples of red Copper (99.5%). Most important Plasma
parameters which are electron temperature and density was
measured.
Aim of the Study: To evaluate the changes to the radiographic
bone density of the mental bone grafts applied in terms of ring
technique until 18 months post operatively and to evaluate the
effect of the adjacency of neighboring teeth.