Evaluation Guidelines to Deal with Implicit Phenomena to Assess Factuality in Data-to-Text Generation

Data-to-text generation systems are trained on large datasets, such as WebNLG, Ro-toWire, E2E or DART. Beyond traditional token-overlap evaluation metrics (BLEU or METEOR), a key concern faced by recent generators is to control the factuality of the generated text with respect to the input data specification. We report on our experience when developing an automatic factuality evaluation system for data-to-text generation that we are testing on WebNLG and E2E data. We aim to prepare gold data annotated manually to identify cases where the text communicates more information than is warranted based on the in-put data (extra) or fails to communicate data that is part of the input (missing). While analyzing reference (data, text) samples, we encountered a range of systematic uncertainties that are related to cases on implicit phenomena in text, and the nature of non-linguistic knowledge we expect to be involved when assessing factuality. We derive from our experience a set of evaluation guidelines to reach high inter-annotator agreement on such cases.

Understanding Factuality in Abstractive Summarization with FRANK: A Benchmark for Factuality Metrics

Modern summarization models generate highly fluent but often factually unreliable outputs. This motivated a surge of metrics attempting to measure the factuality of automatically generated summaries. Due to the lack of common benchmarks, these metrics cannot be compared. Moreover, all these methods treat factuality as a binary concept and fail to provide deeper insights on the kinds of inconsistencies made by different systems. To address these limitations, we devise a typology of factual errors and use it to collect human annotations of generated summaries from state-of-the-art summarization systems for the CNN/DM and XSum datasets. Through these annotations we identify the proportion of different categories of factual errors and benchmark factuality metrics, showing their correlation with human judgement as well as their specific strengths and weaknesses.

What Will it Take to Fix Benchmarking in Natural Language Understanding?

Evaluation for many natural language understanding (NLU) tasks is broken: Unreliable and biased systems score so highly on standard benchmarks that there is little room for researchers who develop better systems to demonstrate their improvements. The recent trend to abandon IID benchmarks in favor of adversarially-constructed, out-of-distribution test sets ensures that current models will perform poorly, but ultimately only obscures the abilities that we want our benchmarks to measure. In this position paper, we lay out four criteria that we argue NLU benchmarks should meet. We argue most current benchmarks fail at these criteria, and that adversarial data collection does not meaningfully address the causes of these failures. Instead, restoring a healthy evaluation ecosystem will require significant progress in the design of benchmark datasets, the reliability with which they are annotated, their size, and the ways they handle social bias.

Applying electronic recruitment systems (E-Recruitment)in joint-stock companies in Arabia country

The researchers adopted the survey methodology to explore the views of a random sample of the staff of human resources from companies that depend on e-recruitment systems and listed on the stock market for identifying the relationships between variables, and interpreting and presenting the reality of the problem under study by offering a number of research questions that concentrate on the most important attributes of the online recruitment website, the techniques used, the constraints faded in this method of recruitment and the most highlighted results of applying it.

communication skills .jop and employment application process

مشروع بحثي يشرح فيه عملية البحث عن عمل ووظيفة والطر والأساليب والوسائل التي تساعدك في البحث مع بعض النصائح والتوصيات للعمل فيها او تجنبها اثناء بحث الخريج الجامعي عن فرصة عمل او وظيفة

Availability of employment of strategic planning in the development of educational guidance in the first cycle of basic education in the provinces of Homs, Hama requirements

The study aimed to determine the degree of availability of employment of strategic planning in the development of educational guidance in the provinces of Homs, Homs requirements. I have been using descriptive analytical method, it has reached the study sample (84) directed and targeted educational. The construction and development of the study tool, a questionnaire, has included 47 items distributed on four areas: the possession of the educational-oriented skills of strategic planning, and a clear and appropriate organizational structure of educational guidance, the availability of the necessary resources and facilities, and an educational administration graduate believes in strategic planning.

Cracking Coding Interview: 150 Programming interview questions and solutions

150 programming interview questions and solutions Plus: • Five proven approaches to solving tough algorithm questions • Ten mistakes candidates make -- and how to avoid them • Steps to prepare for behavioral and technical questions • Interviewer war stories: a view from the interviewer’s side

Phenomena of Heritage in the Divan of "Brandishing of Tired Hands" to Mamdouh Adwan

This research deals with the phenomena of heritage in the Divan of "Brandishing of Tired Hands" of the poet , "MamdouhAdwan" which he drew from the religious heritage , such as calling the figure "Ali bin AbiTalib" , and from the historical heritage, such as calling the figure "Saladin" , and the literary heritage , such as calling the figure "Alahtaih" and "Al-Mutanabbi" and others. Researcher shows the presence of heritage in the poetry of Adwan by intertextuality with the Koran , and with poetry, and shows influenced language of the divan by the language of heritage , and also addresses the poet's employment of the heritage in his divan, and concludes the results reported in its place of the research.

Applying Factor Analysis for Studying the Most Important Factors Economic Affecting the number of employees within period 2000 till 2009 in Syria

The objective of this research is applying Factor Analysis for Studying the most important economic factors affecting the number of employees within period 2000 till 2009 in Syria, to propose a methodological framework for constructing the integrated factor analysis model system (FAMS) that can be used as a decision support tool in employment year examination and supervision process for detection of years, which are experiencing serious problems. Sample and variable set of the study contains 17 economic variables. Study years (10 years during the period 2000–2009) and their economic variables. Well known multivariate statistical technique (principal component analysis), was used to explore the basic economic characteristics of the theses years, and discriminant models were estimated based on these characteristics to construct FAMS. The importance of factor analysis model system in employment year examination was evaluated with respect to defining the non-employment years for deciding the most important employment policy for reducing unemployment rates in future. Results of the study show that, if FAMS was effectively employed within studied years, It is possible in this case to identify weaknesses, according to the years that have the number of employees is less than the overall average calculated over the period.