A field survey for chickpea wilt disease Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp ciceris was conducted in different provinces
of north Syria during 2011 cropping season with the
objectives to determine chickpea wilt distribution and factors
affecting its develop
ment. Two hundred and fifty samples
were collected from Alhasakah, Aleppo and Idleb fields. The
results showed varying levels of incidence between and
within provinces (2-90%), and the highest incidence was
recorded in Alfouaa- Idleb (90%). The incidence and
distribution of this disease seemed to be affected by many
factors especially date of sown and soil kind. The
pathogenicity test of 60 isolates related to Fusarium
oxysporum on susceptible cultivars Ghab1 was shown that 54
isolates related to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris; 32
isolates of them were caused yellowing symptoms and 22
were caused wilting symptoms.
A survey of infection by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was conducted during a visit to 14 citrus orchards in different regions in Tartous governorate in the Syrian Coast during the spring of 2012. We collected a total of /691/ samples of different vari
eties. Most of the samples were collected from plants with symptoms similar to symptoms caused by viral diseases (dwarfing, yellowing, mosaic, quick- decline, vein clearing, boat or spoon-shaped leaves), while other samples did not carry such symptoms due to the possible presence of latent infections. The samples were tested by using Tissue Blot immunoassay (TBIA). The Results showed that the rate of infection by CTV was 34.15% in the tested samples and the distribution of CTV in citrus orchards was by various ratios. The highest percentage of infection was detected in AL- Hamidiah (62.50%), whereas the lowest infection percentage detected was in Talin nursery (10%). Common orange Balady was the most infected by Citrus tristeza virus (41.43%). No virus infection was recorded in Mandalina samples.
This research was aimed to study the behavior of adults of the
Longhorn beetle, Cerambyx dux F. (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera) on
apple tree. Results showed that the adults have a diurnal habit.The
adults emerged from pupa was sexually matured, and fed only for
survival.
This study was done in special apiary (Latakia province) to define the effect of
adding some vitamins on the nutrition of the local honeybee colonies at the rate of
acceptation in the plastic and wax cups are grafted with larva; and in the producti
vity of
royal jelly. The results showed that best of acceptation rate was achieved by vitamin C
treatment that arrived to 85.41% in the wax cups and 75.83% in the plastic cups.
According to results of the statistical analysis, it significantly surpassed upon all other
treatments, whereas there wasn’t any significant difference between the treatment with
vitamin Aand control, no matter what kind of cups it used. The results of average weight of
the royal jelly in the cup showed that the treatment of vitamin C achieved the best value
that reached to 0.348 g of the wax cups and 0.312 g of plastic cups.The statistical analysis
showed superiority of the treatment vitamin C and B upon other treatments (vitamin A and
control) while using the wax cups, whereas there was no significant difference in the
average weight of the royal jelly between the two kinds of cups when treating with vitamin
A and control.
This investigation carried out in 2012-2013,in department of plant protection-
Damascus Unv., to study the effect of ethanol and water extracts of Allium sativum L.,
Inula viscos L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Melia azedarach L., in inhibition mycelium
growth of fungi Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum and compared with
fungicides (carbendazim and chlorothalonil) on PDA in the laboratory. The result showed
that ethanol extracts of studied species gave significant inhibition to growth fungi
compared with the control. The ethanol and water extract of the Allium sativum gave the
superior effect inhibition to F. oxysporum where gave 100% inhibition at 600 and 1000
mg/l. at respectively, and gave100% inhibition to A. alternata at 1000 mg/l. Followed with
the ethanol extract of Inula viscos. While, the ethanol and water extract of the Melia
azedarach gave the lowest inhibition to growth study fungi. Where didn’t gave 100 %
inhibition to F. oxysporum and A. alternata at 1000 mg/l. On the other hand, the ethanol
extract of Thymus vulgaris gave moderate inhibition to F. oxysporum, while the inhibition
of A. alternata was little. The ethanol extract of tested plants gave the superior effect
inhibition to both fungi compared with water extracts. On the other hand, the obtained
results showed that carbandazim gave the superior inhibition for F. oxysporum ,where gave
100% inhibition at concentration 120 mg/l. While the fungicide chlorothalonil gave the
lowest inhibition to F. oxysporum. At contrast, the fungicide chlorothalonil gave the
highest inhibition to A. alternata at used concentration. Where cause 100% inhibition at
150 mg/l. On the other hand, Effect of plant extracts and fungicides increased with increase
of concentrate. We can arranged the effect of plant extraction at the values (ED50): Allium
sativum L., Inula viscos L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Melia azedarach L., Therefore we
recommended to use the ethanol extract of the Allium sativum L., Inula viscos L. as
environment friendly fungicides.
Biological characteristics and life table parameters of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were studied when fed on leaves of two apple cultivars (i.e. Golden and Starking dilishz) under laboratory conditions 25±1 Cº, relative hum
idity 65±5% and 16L:8D. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) by females of T.urticae was higher on leaves of Starking dilishz apple cultivar than on leaves of Golden dilishz apple cultivar (0.30, 0.27 female/female/day) respectively, while the generation time (T) and the time required for doubling the number of community mite (DT) were lower on leaves of Starking dilishz apple cultivars than on leaves of Golden dilishz apple cultivars (13.77, 2.3 days and 14.54, 2.55 days) respectively. The duration of the stages of growth from egg to adult female on leaves of Golden dilishz apple cultivar was longer than on Starking dilishz apple cultivars, where was (13.32 ± 1.15 and 12.22 ± 1.13), respectively, The Total fecundity on Golden dilishz apple cultivar was lower than on Starking dilishz cultivar (83.11 ± 8.91, 101.62 ± 15.48 eggs/female) respectively, The adult longevity on Golden dilishz leaves was lower than on Starking dilishz cultivar (15.33 ± 1.35, 17.14 ± 1.07 days) respectively, These differences on the apple varieties may be due to the chemical content and quality of the food and nature of the host tissue plant and the specifications can affect the rate of oviposition and development. and thus the Starking dilishz apple cultivars was more suitable for the development and reproduction of T. urticae compared with the Golden dilishz apple cultivar.
Macrolophus caliginosus (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a zoophytophagous predator
widely used in integrated pest management programs in both greenhouse and open-field .
Mass rearing of Macrolophus caliginosus is greatly dependent on Ephestia kuehniella
Z
eller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as food source. Moreover, the addition of this
factitious prey after the inoculative releases of Macrolophus caliginosus under field
conditions is recommended to facilitate establishment of this mirid. However, E.
kuehniella eggs are expensive and availability is limited. One possible strategy to reduce
the amount of E. kuehniella eggs needed is the provision of sugar.This study was
conducted during the period between May and November in 2014 in the labs of the
Lattakia center of rearing bio enemis. In this work, the effect of sucrose as nutritional
supplement on selected life-history traits of M.caligenosus was studied. The addition of
sucrose (100 g/l) ad libitum to a diet of E. kuehniella eggs significantly increased the
progeny of Macrolophus caliginosus and did not affect survival of nymphs nor
developmental time. Moreover, addition of sucrose significantly reduced the number of E.
kuehniella eggs consumed. These results may have practical implications of interest in
mass rearing systems of M.caliginosus and its management in fields and greenhouses as a
part of integrated control programs.
This study was conducted in the village of Almetrkyah located in the southern
coastal plain of Lattakia city during 2014. In order to study the effect of Cucumber mosaic
virus on growth and development of two varieties of peppers, hybrid ESTAR F1 H
(sweet
pepper) and Demer(spicy pepper). This study included eight treatments, four treatments
for each variety. Plants were mechanically inoculated in three different stages, preflowering
bloom, flowering andpost-flowering stages each beside its non-inoculated
control. The result should that, the appearance of Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms on
infected sweet hybrid, was within four days before its appearance on inoculated spicy
variety,symptoms were leaf crinkle, leaf deformation, yellow patches and plant stunting.
Inoculated plants showed reduction in number of leaves, number of branches and yield.
Plants in pre flowering bloom stage were more effected by virus infection in both
varieties. Meannumber of leaves per plant of ESTAR F1 H hybrid were 130 in pre
flowering bloom stage compared with 170 leaf/plant in the control treatment. Mean
number of branches per plant of ESTAR F1 H hybrid were 43,4 branch/plant in pre
flowering bloom stage compared with 56,7branch/plant in the control treatment. Total
pepper production per plant was 700,8g in infected plants in preflowering bloom stage
compared with 1267,5g/plant in ESTAR F1 H hybrid control. Results of Demer variety
take the same results of ESTAR F1 H hybrid. The effect of virus infection on pepper plants
were reduced when inoculation were done during flowering stage and post-flowering stage,
differences were significant between inoculated plants in both varieties.
In this research, the occurrence of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera:
Psylloidea: Aphalaridae) was recorded for the first time on Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(Myrtaceae) leaves in Syria. Where collected from the leaves and shoots of young and
old
trees of eucalyptus from Lattakia province in June 2015 in three sites. The morphological
characters examined and compared with the specialized keys for this species. The results
showed that the highest average for psyllid egg masses was in Bustan AlBasha on the
lower surface of the leaves and amounted to 5.80±2.00 mass, had the highest average
number of eggs in the same location and on the lower surface also reached 65.80±47.97
eggs / Leaf. The highest average number of nymphs under the Lerp in Bustan AlBasha on
the lower surface of the leaves as stage as follows: L1: 18.4±9.51, and L2: 9.60±3.32, and
L3: 6.40±0.92, while L4: 2.80±1.74 on the upper and lower surfaces. The highest average
number of psyllid nymphs without white Lerp was for the first nymph L1: In Shahd
Alaasal site on the Lower surface 3.40±0.87, and L2: at the same previous location on the
upper surface of 5.80±2.43, and L3: in Bustan AlBasha site on the Lower surface
2.80±0.58, and L4: in Shahd Alaasal and Bustan AlBasha 0.20±0.20 on the upper and
lower surface. The highest average number of adult in the site Bustan AlBasha on the
upper surface of 1.40±1.16, and the lowest in the site Shahd Alaasal on the upper surface
of 0.20±0.20.
The aim of the research was to study seasonal changes communities of spider mites
and predatory mite Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski on two apple cultivars
(Golden and red Delicious) from orchards located in two regions: Al-Mokharam and Al
-
Qusayr during the beginning May 2013 and the end of October 2014. The results showed
that the highest density of the spider mites was in two essential period in early and mid
summer, while T.athiasae started its active with started pery active, that started appear in
the may, and the top of its number was in July, The mean density of the mite predator and
spider mites was higher on the red Delicious apple cultivar compared to Golden Delicious
with significant differences, and its presence was higher in the Al-Qusayr region compared
to the Al-Mokharam region with significant differences, also remarked this predator on
some surrounding vegetation in these orchards.
