يتناول البحث مسألة القناصل في بلاد الشام في العقود الاخيرة من عمر السلطنة العثمانية، من خلال محاولة فهم معنى عمل القناصل، و الأجواء التي رافقت دخولهم الى دمشق، و طرق تعيينهم، و من ثم صداماتهم فيما بينهم طمعا بالحصول على الحصة الاكبر من خيرات السلطنة، و يشير البحث الى وكلاء القناصل و مرافقيهم من أهالي السلطنة، و يحاول فهم العلاقة بين القناصل و الولاة و تداخلها، و دورهم في الحياة العامة و تجاوز صلاحياتهم، و الأهم من ذلك كله يبحث عن دور القناصل في تسيير الحركة التجارية و التحكم بها في بلاد الشام من المرافئ الى الأسواق.
This research deals with the issue of consuls in the Levant in the last decades of the
Ottoman Empire, by trying to understand the meaning of the work of the consuls, and the
atmosphere that accompanied the entry into Damascus, and methods of appointment, and
then the differences among them the hope of obtaining the largest share of the bounties of
the Sultanate. The research indicates agents’ consuls and their escorts from the people of
the Sultanate, and trying to understand the relationship between the consuls, governors and
overlap, and their role in public life and exceeded their powers, and most of all looking for
the role of consuls in the conduct of trade movement and control in the Levant from ports
to markets.
References used
BAPTIST, J , Intérêts et impérialisme français dans l’empire ottoman (1895- 1914), Sorbonne-Paris, 1977
MOHAMED, A.R., La diplomatie en terre d’Islam, Harmattan, Paris, 2005
Compared with his father, Sultan Mohammad the Conqueror , Sultan Bayezid II
achieved little – in the military field- on the European front. However, strategically looked
at, they were of great importance. He managed to annex both cities Kilia and C
Murals are one of the techniques of delineation, which was influenced by Hantine
and Sassanian in fluencies. They been their independence in the Umayyad period to
maturity in the Abbasid era.
The Levant was one of the centers of creativity for the
Doumna : a term that is heard mostly, but majority of people have no idea about its
literal meaning , when did it arise ? how and what are the reasons of its inception ?
The term Doumna is originally derived from the Persian language , which means
The question of the transition of power in the Ottoman Empire, an important issue
shed Ottoman sultans, and occupied their mind for long periods, as they interned them in
the midst of civil conflicts and local war, have been instrumental and head i
During the Abbasid era , the second half of 5th century AH – 11th century A D , the levant
,which turned to a chessboard governed by conflicting states, suffered from crawling of Seljuk
empire. This situations accompanied by the death of Fatimid ca