During the Abbasid era , the second half of 5th century AH – 11th century A D , the levant
,which turned to a chessboard governed by conflicting states, suffered from crawling of Seljuk
empire. This situations accompanied by the death of Fatimid ca
lipha ( Al-mustansir) (487 AH-1094
AD). And as a sequence, the Ismaili cult splitted to Mustaali and Nizari. Nizariyya , which centered
in Alamut castle, north of Persia, since 448 AH/ 1095 AD, worked to establish a state in the levant.
At 535 AH/1141 AD , they bring to life a series of castlesm, named ( qelaa Alfdaoyah) ,
which continued alive over 130 years , depending on creating a balance between conflicting parties
of Zangid Ayyubids with the Franks .When the unification of the levant and Egypt was done, under
control of Mamluk , foundations of Alfdaoyah were undermined as a result. But despite its
disappearance from political theatre , their castles and remains are still a witness to their
excellence.
The Carolingian Empire which was established by Emperor Charlemagne in (184AH
/ 800AD) remained strong throughout his life until his death in (199AH / 814 AD), but his
son Louis the Pious (199-226 AH / 814-840 AD) who succeeded him to the throne wa
s
unable to preserve the Empire. So, he divided it between his sons following the steps of the
Franks. This division led to the outbreak of the civil wars Inside the Carolingian Family.
The situation aggravated terribly after his death which led to the division of the Empire
between his three sons under theTreaty of Verdun, but wars and political conflicts have
continued between the three Kingdoms. These conflicts in the Carolingian Empire will be
the subject of the study.
