The Fedayeen in The Levant (Emergence , Castles and Architecture) (AH/1095-1273AD672 – 488)

During the Abbasid era , the second half of 5th century AH – 11th century A D , the levant ,which turned to a chessboard governed by conflicting states, suffered from crawling of Seljuk empire. This situations accompanied by the death of Fatimid calipha ( Al-mustansir) (487 AH-1094 AD). And as a sequence, the Ismaili cult splitted to Mustaali and Nizari. Nizariyya , which centered in Alamut castle, north of Persia, since 448 AH/ 1095 AD, worked to establish a state in the levant. At 535 AH/1141 AD , they bring to life a series of castlesm, named ( qelaa Alfdaoyah) , which continued alive over 130 years , depending on creating a balance between conflicting parties of Zangid Ayyubids with the Franks .When the unification of the levant and Egypt was done, under control of Mamluk , foundations of Alfdaoyah were undermined as a result. But despite its disappearance from political theatre , their castles and remains are still a witness to their excellence.

Military Activity in The Ottoman Empire In the Reign of Sultan Bayezid II ( 1481-1512 )

Compared with his father, Sultan Mohammad the Conqueror , Sultan Bayezid II achieved little – in the military field- on the European front. However, strategically looked at, they were of great importance. He managed to annex both cities Kilia and Crimean. Doing this the black sea became an Ottoman lake. He got involved in a war against Venice, and captured some positions; that helped to advance in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, and in its western basin as well. on the eastern front failure was dominant. Mamluks' forces managed in defeating several Ottoman armies. His peaceful policies and his slackness in front of the Safavids led to the eruption of several hostile anti- Ottoman movements, and allowed more Safavids influence in Anatolia. Finally to Sultan Bayzid II virtue is attributed for modernizing sea and land forces. Relying on fire arms his son, sultan Selim I succeeded in scoring decisive victories against the Safavids and Mamluks.

Mamluk administration in Aleppo in the ninth century AH / fifteenth century AD (the case of Banu Saffah)

Aleppo has enjoyed great importance in the age of the Mamluk Empirecircassian because of the importance of its geographical location on the northern border of the state Mamluk. Aleppo was an administrative point of central authority in the city of Cairo. This study aims to demonstrate the military and civilian administrative functions, which are found in the city, and groups that have held these jobs. In addition to addressing possible means in order to get, a job in this age.

Accedence to Throne in the Thought of the Sultans of Maritime Mamluki State (648-784H/1250-1382AD)

One of the gravest problems that the political system in the Mamluki period experienced was the that related to power where there was not a well-set principle for being in power. For example, power and reign were a thorny fluctuating subject which gets finally settled in behalf of the most powerful Mamluki person. The case concerning the accidence to (inheriting) the throne in the Mamluki age was a temporary issue - despite the fact that it was often in the hands of the Qlawoon Family – that brings to the throne a powerful sultan who lays his hands on the throne and becomes the declared sultan. This, consequently, used to lead to an overheated struggle between Mamluki princes.

And its Role in Prospering the Scientific & Educational Movement in Palestine At Al Mamaleek Era

This research has targeted to present Al Waqf fact which is legislated by Islam and stating its legal judgment along with evidences, as well as this research has presented Al Waqf role in prospering the Educational & scientific movement in Palestine at Al Mamaleek era, where it indicated to Al Waqf role in financing the religious establishments such as (Mosques ,schools ,chokes ,corners ,libraries ,children houses , kindergartens ,and also the different religious issues.

Diplomatic Correspondence Established in Mamluk Chancellery to Christian Rulers in the East (7-8AH/13-14AD)

The second half of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century AD and the second half of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries have witnessed a great development in diplomatic relations between the Mamluk bahri in Egypt and Syria and the various Christian powers in the East. These relationships were in the form of several diplomatic means such as ambassadors, letters, and signing treaties. This study focuses on the role of chancellery of Mamluks in these relationshipsthrough knowing the rules and accurate systems developed by messaging these rulers, specifically ceremonial honors. Finally, this study treats the constraints of multilingualism in the Mamluk sultanate based on the chancellery Mamluk handbooks.