The study showed clearly the historical roots of the Armenian migrations to Syria, and put the first building blocks of the beginnings of these migrations, which was built on the basis of which after a while commercial and social relations between the Arabs and Armenians.
The study deals with the first and second wars of the Balkans (1912-1913) and the
economic, social and political crises that ensued. In fact, the events of these complex and
complex wars have since constituted a major problem for European countries
.
The research also discusses the policy of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, its political
and military status prior to the declaration of war, the Balkan alliance, the secret files of
March 13 until the end of September 1912, and the peace talks between the two parties to
the London Treaty of May 30, 1913. The former Balkan allies shared the spoils of the First
War, the 1913 peace treaties and the outcome of the war.
The study deals with the question of the privileges of Venice in the Arabic Orient
and the development of these privileges in the Ottoman period, by understanding the
meaning of the privileges and their historical development in the Ottoman Empire
and the
circumstances that accompanied the granting of economic, religious and judicial privileges
to the Venetians, exploited by them to achieve their interests and expand their trade. The
study also deals with the Treaty of 1517 between the Ottomans and the Venetians as an
example of the positive and negative effects on both sides. This treaty is considered the
basis for subsequent treaties between the Ottomans on the one hand and the Venetians and
the European countries on the other.
Prince Fakhruddin is the second of the princes who ruled
Lebanon and established the foundations of the modern
Lebanese state. Mount Lebanon enjoyed a degree of autonomy
within the Ottoman Empire. The history of the Principality is
primarily the history of the integration of Mount Lebanon, all
under the banner of the Ottoman authority, despite its
autonomy.
Doumna : a term that is heard mostly, but majority of people have no idea about its
literal meaning , when did it arise ? how and what are the reasons of its inception ?
The term Doumna is originally derived from the Persian language , which means
"
two " , nma ( two types ) . Although their followers converted to Islam , they remained
faithful to their Judaism secretly as religion , ideology and political thought.
This search will illustrate who are the Jews of Doumna as a Zionist Jewish
community that appeared in 1664 AD , due to the persecution and expulsion from Europe
that they had faced during the reign of the king , Ferinand of Spain .
In addition to their role in the Othoman Empire , starting with the appointment of the
Othoman Sultans to their isolation .
Also , their role in running the affairs of the country especially the financial ones
because they were professionals and experts in the field of trade and banking .
Finally , the Jewish of Doumna are the true founders of the Zionist movement and
the idea of making Palestine a national homeland for them .
This research was based on the study of two records of the Sharia Court in Damascus, and they are kept in the Directorate of Historical Documents in Damascus under (4/3/2) and / 268 /. The first record includes the cases recorded in this court in the
year 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1795, and contains (130) documents distributed on (72) pages of the average measurement, and begins with document number (1) In the middle of Jumada II 1210 AH, and ends with document No. (0 3 1) on page (72), which was partially damaged but the document was not completed with the end of the page, so its history is not known. The penultimate document and its number (129) are found on page 71.
The second record (37 1) contains a document, and begins with document No. (1) dated Jumada II (224 AH), and ends with the penultimate document - the last document is incomplete and undated - dated Ramadan 1224 AH. However, the documents are not limited to the months mentioned But rather beyond the other months of the year. The documents studied differ in terms of the line and the safety of the papers on which they were written. We have been intercepted by many documents written in a rather illegible handwriting. Some of the records have been eroded, but it is noted that all the documents are not keen on the grammar of the language, and include general words, and similar to the method of construction in general literature era of decay.
Compared with his father, Sultan Mohammad the Conqueror , Sultan Bayezid II
achieved little – in the military field- on the European front. However, strategically looked
at, they were of great importance. He managed to annex both cities Kilia and C
rimean.
Doing this the black sea became an Ottoman lake. He got involved in a war against
Venice, and captured some positions; that helped to advance in the eastern basin of the
Mediterranean Sea, and in its western basin as well. on the eastern front failure was
dominant. Mamluks' forces managed in defeating several Ottoman armies. His peaceful
policies and his slackness in front of the Safavids led to the eruption of several hostile anti-
Ottoman movements, and allowed more Safavids influence in Anatolia.
Finally to Sultan Bayzid II virtue is attributed for modernizing sea and land forces.
Relying on fire arms his son, sultan Selim I succeeded in scoring decisive victories against
the Safavids and Mamluks.
Struggle for the throne in the Ottoman State started since it was created. Ottoman
sultans tried by all available ways to protect their positions. This explains the various
preventive measures, they adopted, to protect their thrones. Relying on 're
ligious fatwa'
Mohammad the Conqueror issued his law which allowed him to kill his brothers in order to
prevent disfigurement of the national unity. This law stayed in use for a century, till it was
replaced by a new law: keeping all princes under repressive home arrest in the suites In
the palace, called cages. The children of the present sultan were exempted from this
treatment.
This struggle led to many civil wars which contributed to the decline of the
Ottoman State, like the ferocious conflict between the two sons of Sultan Mohammad the
Conqueror.
The study addressed the most important phases of Turkish foreign policy since the
establishment of the modern Turkish republic in 1923. And the principles govering it. Then
it focused on the new trends of foreign policy after the Jastice and develo
pment Islamic
rooted party came to power in Turkey 2002. Especially the strategic depth, reset problems
or zero problems with neighbors and new ottomanism.
The study concluded that the basic tenets which guided turkey's foreign policy since
the founding of the republic included caution and pragmatism.
Khans constitute one of the most important buildings throughout history, because of
their important role in the economic life.
They were marked by the enormity of construction, area, and also by details and
architectural elements either in the uni
que forms of gates, the interior spaces, courtyards
and openings internal windows and doors.
Khans gates formed unique architectural panels of beauty and richness by their
decoration. They formed an important subject worthy of studying and research.
Khans flourished significantly as Aleppo was one of the most important commercial cities
throughout history, because of its important geographical location, something which
distinguished it from other cities., especially during the Ottoman era, which saw the
construction of more than fifty Khans inside the city. These khans were established during
different periods of the Ottoman era, which seem similar in the general plan, but different
in details depending on the period of construction. This resulted in different models with
different details, as reflected in the varied forms of gates in size, decoration and
architectural details.
Khan gates in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were marked by the big
dimension, the intensity of motifs, and rich architectural details influenced clearly by the
Mamluk architecture.
In comparison, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries seemed more simple,
less massive than its predecessors, and even devoid of decoration.
The effects of European architecture were clear on the gates of Khans in the end of
the Ottoman era in the early twentieth century.
As a result, khans gates in Aleppo during the Ottoman era waere characterized by
diversity in size, configuration and architectural details, which must be recognized in any
restoration project, in order to preserve the original features and the characteristic of these
monuments.
