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Cim and Bayezid II, Mohammad the Conqueror's sons, and their Conflict for the Throne A Study of the Struggle-Reasons for the Throne and its effects on the Domestic State of the Ottoman State in the Reign of Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512)

الصراع على العرش بين ولدي السلطان محمد الفاتح: جم و بايزيد دراسة في أسباب الصراع على العرش و انعكاسه على الوضع الداخلي للدولة العثمانية في عهد السلطان بايزيد الثاني (886-918ﻫ/ 1481-1512م)

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 Publication date 2017
  fields History
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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Struggle for the throne in the Ottoman State started since it was created. Ottoman sultans tried by all available ways to protect their positions. This explains the various preventive measures, they adopted, to protect their thrones. Relying on 'religious fatwa' Mohammad the Conqueror issued his law which allowed him to kill his brothers in order to prevent disfigurement of the national unity. This law stayed in use for a century, till it was replaced by a new law: keeping all princes under repressive home arrest in the suites In the palace, called cages. The children of the present sultan were exempted from this treatment. This struggle led to many civil wars which contributed to the decline of the Ottoman State, like the ferocious conflict between the two sons of Sultan Mohammad the Conqueror.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
تناقش هذه الدراسة الصراع على العرش بين ولدي السلطان محمد الفاتح، جم وبايزيد الثاني، وأثر هذا الصراع على الوضع الداخلي للدولة العثمانية في عهد السلطان بايزيد الثاني (1481-1512م). يوضح البحث أن الصراع على العرش بدأ منذ نشأة الدولة العثمانية، حيث حاول السلاطين حماية مراكزهم السلطانية بطرق مختلفة، بما في ذلك سن قوانين تسمح بقتل الإخوة لمنع التمزق الوطني. استمر العمل بهذه القوانين لمدة قرن حتى تم استبدالها بقوانين جديدة تقضي بوضع الأمراء تحت الإقامة الجبرية. أدى الصراع بين جم وبايزيد إلى حروب أهلية أضعفت الدولة العثمانية، حيث انقسمت الدولة إلى كتلتين: الطبقة الأرستقراطية القديمة والانكشارية. دعم الانكشارية بايزيد، مما ساعده في الوصول إلى العرش بعد مقتل الصدر الأعظم ونهب إسطنبول. تركز الدراسة على تأثير هذا الصراع على السياسة الداخلية للدولة العثمانية، وكيف ساهم في زيادة نفوذ الانكشارية وتدخلهم في تعيين السلاطين. كما يسلط البحث الضوء على التغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي حدثت في عهد بايزيد الثاني، وكيف حاول التخفيف من الحروب التي أرهقت البلاد في عهد والده محمد الفاتح.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: تقدم هذه الدراسة نظرة شاملة ومفصلة حول الصراع على العرش بين جم وبايزيد الثاني وتأثيره على الدولة العثمانية. ومع ذلك، يمكن القول إن الدراسة تفتقر إلى تحليل أعمق للعوامل الخارجية التي قد تكون أثرت على هذا الصراع، مثل تدخل القوى الأجنبية. كما أن التركيز الكبير على الجانب العسكري والسياسي قد أغفل بعض الجوانب الاجتماعية والثقافية التي كانت تلعب دوراً مهماً في تلك الفترة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، كان يمكن أن تكون الدراسة أكثر شمولية إذا تضمنت مقارنة مع صراعات أخرى على العرش في تاريخ الدولة العثمانية أو في دول أخرى.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هو القانون الذي أصدره السلطان محمد الفاتح لحماية العرش؟

    أصدر السلطان محمد الفاتح قانوناً يستند إلى فتوى شرعية، يخول من يتولى عرش السلطنة حق قتل إخوته الآخرين لمنع احتمال تمزيق الوطنية. استمر العمل بهذا القانون لمدة قرن من الزمان حتى تم استبداله بقانون جديد يقضي بوضع جميع الأمراء تحت الإقامة الجبرية باستثناء أبناء السلطان الحاكم.

  2. كيف أثر الصراع بين جم وبايزيد الثاني على الوضع الداخلي للدولة العثمانية؟

    أدى الصراع بين جم وبايزيد الثاني إلى حروب أهلية أضعفت الدولة العثمانية. انقسمت الدولة إلى كتلتين: الطبقة الأرستقراطية القديمة والانكشارية. دعم الانكشارية بايزيد، مما ساعده في الوصول إلى العرش بعد مقتل الصدر الأعظم ونهب إسطنبول. كما زاد نفوذ الانكشارية وتدخلهم في تعيين السلاطين.

  3. ما هي التغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي حدثت في عهد بايزيد الثاني؟

    في عهد بايزيد الثاني، تم التخفيف من الحروب التي أرهقت البلاد في عهد والده محمد الفاتح. أعاد بايزيد الأوقاف والممتلكات إلى مستحقيها الشرعيين، واسترد الدراويش اعتبارهم. كما حاول التخفيف من الأعباء الاقتصادية التي فرضها والده، مما أدى إلى تحسين الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي في الدولة.

  4. ما هو دور الانكشارية في الصراع على العرش بين جم وبايزيد الثاني؟

    لعبت الانكشارية دوراً حاسماً في الصراع على العرش بين جم وبايزيد الثاني. دعموا بايزيد وساعدوه في الوصول إلى العرش بعد مقتل الصدر الأعظم ونهب إسطنبول. ابتداءً من هذا التاريخ، بدأ تدخل الانكشارية في تعيين السلاطين وأخذ الأعطيات السلطانية لقاء مواقفهم، مما زاد من نفوذهم في الدولة العثمانية.


References used
AGOSTON ,G AND MASTERS , B . Encyclopedia Of The Ottoman Empire. Facts On File , New York , 2004
DIMITRIADOU , A . The Reign Of Bayezid II . The University Of Edinburgh, 2000
INALCIK , H . The Middle East And The Balkans Under The Ottoman Empire .Indiana University Turkish Studies And Turkish Minisstry Of Culture Joint Series , Bilkent University, HalilInalcik Center
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