Brutia pine tree grows radially and gives one ring per year, the width of
this ring is determined by environmental conditions especially by climatic
ones. Dendroclimatology concerns with studying the response of tree rings
to climatic conditions.
In order to study the radial growth of brutia pine
planted 1975 in Heir Brafa, Tartous, Syria.
Copper chromite (CuCr2O4) was synthesized by a chemical coprecipitation
method. The synthesized samples were characterized
using X-ray powder diffraction technology (XRD). The
temperature of synthesis was 650°C.
Our research aims to prepare ZnFe2O4 system by
CO-precipitation method in aqueous solution,starting from the
raw materials, and then studying its structure and properties .After
finishing the preparation period, we divided the precipitate in two
parts , and then we added to one of them the hydrogen peroxide and
then we dried every part alone, grind it and then we heated it at
various temperatures for two hours .
In this paper, we focus on the importance of conducting the necessary tests either
field or laboratory in order to obtain realistic values for soil hydrodynamic parameters
allowing the best result to simulate the actual situation of any engineering
facility.
The importance of this research highlights in earth dams and dikes which have great
importance to economic, environmental and human. It is necessary to be complete
accuracy when creating a mathematical model to study stability of these structures. From
here comes the need to calculate these parameters rather than extracted from engineering
codes, that we will use them to simulate the effect of long rainfall on the distribution of
water content in the Hweez dam soil and hence its stability. We will build a mathematical
model for dam using PCSiWaPro® depending on transition flow chart. concerning that,
hydraulic conductivity and volumetric water content in the soil are functions of pore water
pressure. These equations with their functions give a smooth transition of the studied
model where the saturated state is considered as a special case of the used equations.
This research aims to study the effectiveness of each(ferric chloride , ash and coffee
dregs) to remove phosphorus from Lattakia Port Laboratories' waste water which is
assembled in a separate sewage pit by doing laboratory experiments on water con
taining
high concentrations of phosphorus, whether real wastewater or standard solutions of
phosphorus oxide. Where it has been experimenting with ferric chloride at doses as weight
average(FeCl3/P = (0-5)) to give effectiveness ratios(70- 80)% with determining the value
of the pH-compliant and it was noted re-releasing of phosphorus time after(10-12) hours of
the start of precipitation, beside that it has been experimenting with ash as adsorpted agent
at doses as weight average(Ash/P = (2-4.5)) to give effectiveness ratio which it had
reached to 98% where it was noted re-releasing of phosphorus after 11 hours with
determining the pH values of approval for that, As coffee dregs when added in
doses)Coffee dreg/P = 3-10) as weight average, it fulfilled proportion removal(40 - 99) %
and phosphorus re-released after 24 hours. The outcome of these experiments was to
propose the most appropriate economic solution in the case of study.
The importance of this study lies in the hydrological analysis of the
relationship between the drainage system and the precipitation. The
problem of the study reveals in the water incompetence in the basin
which get to 336 million m3 and will gets
to 600 million m3 with
probability (p = 50%) and associated with missing the accurate evaluation
of the water resources.
The study aims to evaluate the water resources in the basin, to create a
mathematical model for calculation of the run off and its relationship with
the precipitation, and to predict the water resources for the hydrological
year according to many probabilities and the complementary
management for water resources.
Stages of the study involve the following:
1- Determining of the active stations in the feeding of hydrometric
stations.
2- Observing the average of water resources quantity (precipitation) over
the basin that reached 9764 million m3 and range between 2,26millionm3 in the hydrometric station of AL- Hamidi and 112,42
million m3 in Hama station.
3- Observing the average of the run off in the basin reached 744,67542
million m3.
4- Observing the run off system in the basin is a snow-rain system, where
the average of maximum discharge associates with precipitation and the
minor discharge associates with deprivation of the precipitation.
5- Creating a mathematical model for calculation of the run off and its
relationship with the precipitation.
6- Predicting the water resources for the hydrological year according to
many probabilities.
7- Creating a water strategy for the basin according to the data of water
predication in many probabilities
Changes in precipitation patterns are considered one of most important hazards facing terrestrial ecosystems and water resources worldwide. Monthly rainfall data for six meteorological stations located in the Syrian coastal region were used to study
changes in precipitation characteristics during the period 1960-2010. Trends with mann- Kendall Test, Gamma Distribution and Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) were applied to detect changes in seasonal and annual precipitation amount in addition to seasonality. Results showed significant negative trends in annual precipitation in all stations up to 30% in some cases, which could be related to the decrease in spring and winter rainfall amounts that ranged between 38.5% to 50.2% in spring and 14% to 38% in winter. Despite significant decrease in annual precipitation, there were no significant trends in seasonality. These changes in precipitation patterns would pose big challenges to water resources management , agricultural production and forests management.
In this study, trends of annual and seasonal precipitation time series for the period of (1971–2006) were analysed for three meteorological stations (Lattakia, Tartous and Safita) located in the coastal region of Syria, by linear regression and Spear
man's rho tests.
The results showed a decreasing trend of annual precipitation in Lattakia and Tartous stations and increasing trend in Safita station. At the seasonal time scale, a decreasing trends of winter precipitation in Lattakia station and of spring precipitation in all stations were observed. While an increasing trends of winter precipitation in Tartous and Safita stations and of autumn precipitation in all stations were observed. Although, all of these negative and positive linear trends, both at the annual and seasonal time scales are not statistically significant at 5% level, but they can have severe effects on water resources, rivers regimes and success of rain-fed crops in the study areas
Due to the importance of climate changes and their strong and increasing influences
on different human and ecological systems, It is necessary to study and understand these
changes. This research aims to determine the direction and magnitude of the
change in
temperatures and rainfall trend during 1978-2011 in Latakia, Kasaab and Slenfeh. The
study has been done through the analysis of annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall amount
and temperature average, which showed a significant increasing in the average annual
temperature in the three regions and significant seasonally increasing except for Winter in
Latakia and Slenfeh, Autumn in Latakia. But the annual rainfall changes were nonsignificant,
while seasonally rainfall increased significantly in Slenfeh Winter and
decreased in Kasaab Winter. After dividing the entire study duration into two equal periods
1978-1995, 1995-2011 and comparing the second period with the first one, we found a
significant increasing in the average annual temperature in the three regions,
non- significant in the annual and seasonal rainfall changes. The highest significant in
seasonal temperature in Latakia, Kasaab and Slenfeh reached +1.5, +2.9, +1.8 during
September, August، and May respectively. While the annual drought showed increased
trend in Latakia and kasaab and decreased one in Slenfeh.
ZnCo2O4 spinel was successfully prepared via co-precipitation
process starting from corresponding metal chlorides in aqueous
solutions at pH=13. Different calcination temperatures (400-500-
600-700-800-1000oC) and different Zn:Co molar ratios (1:2
- 1:2.5) were applied in an effort to prepare this important spinel with perfect specifications starting from cheap, easy to handle inorganic precursors and using a simple process. This process was chosen for its simple requirements and the ability to modify the resulting spinel characteristics by adjusting different parameters easily like mixing temperature, time and speed and the drying conditions. The resulting samples were characterized using x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The coloration, crystallinity size, formation and decomposition of the resulting ZnCo2O4 were found to depend on the calcination temperatures, Zn:Co molar ratio and stirring time. Results showed that ZnCo2O4 spinel was formed at relatively low temperatures. All the samples shared a cubic structure with Fd3m space group.
