The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is considered relatively a modern regional organization which was announced officially in 2001; it included all of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (as permanent members, the
(SCO) occupied a very important position in the world several years ago, via the capacities of its countries in economic, political and military forces. In the light of the current crisis afflicting Syria and the pressures and foreign sanctions upon it, in addition to the new strategy adopted by the Syrian government, which stipulates "going east", the Shanghai Cooperation Organization shaped broad international scope for Syria to get rid of the pressure and Western sanctions.
This research will try to shed light on the (SCO) and its attitude toward Syrian crisis and the implications of the stands of some countries, especially China and Russia
The transport sector provides favorable conditions to the performance of the rest of the sectors in the economy, including productivity and service. It is also associated with a mutual relationship to the point where it makes it difficult to achieve
any
progress in those sectors without that which has preceded, or is accompanied by the development of the transport sector. Ten years prior to the Syrian crisis, the public transport sector had achieved significant progress compared to its previous history
and had been allocated large government subsidies for investment plans. The amount of the provision of the Ninth Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), was the equivalent of almost all the amount spent during the previous five-year plans. Since March 2011, the infrastructure, (roads, bridges, railways, airports and other transportation), were exposed to systematic acts of destruction and vandalism by the armed opposition whose aim was the paralysis of the economy and the dismemberment of the country to weaken the State's ability to respond to the confrontation. Due to the important role in this sector, we have an estimate of
economic losses, (both direct and indirect), from the starting points of the hypothesis of continuing the growth rate of GDP for the period before the crisis and the continuation of 3.1% during the crisis years (2011-2012-2013). (A continuing scenario) on the grounds in 2010 year basis, and compared with the actual reality of the GDP growth, where value represents the difference GDP losses during this period, or called opportunity cost. and after the addition of direct material losses reached to calculate the total economic losses, which amounted to about 85 billion Syrian pounds. The Preceded through the study and analysis of the reality of the performance of the transport sector with various activities government (land, sea and air) during the period (2000-2010) . .
The current crisis has been deteriorating in Syria since the spring of 2011 with an
armed conflict which is causing catastrophic effects on development performance
through the wide-spread destruction of infra-structure as well as the capabilities a
nd
potential economic losses which will impact upon the prospects for both current and
future generations. It was those economic and social policies which were already
ineffective for the government during the past decade - before the current crisis
played a key role in this situation. In addition, there were the objective conditions of
other economic sanctions placed upon Syria by the United States, and later by the
European Union, including other pressures to force Syria to abandon its own vision
of economic development and the ways to solve the Arab - Israeli conflict.
The aim of this study is to shed light on those economic and social policies and their
results and then to estimate the economic losses which have been caused by acts of
sabotage by armed gangs by using a methodology based on the comparison of
economic and social indicators during the crisis in 2011 and 2012. This methodology
will take into account those economic and social policy indicators which would be
determined without the current crisis and by also assuming the continuation of the
pre-crisis effects. It will be the economic and social implications of the beneficiaries
of the accounts and estimates which will be carried out by a group of Syrian
researchers in the Syrian Centre for Policy Research. ...
This study aimed to reveal changes in (Syrian- Turkish) relation ,though this relation is too sensitive, the study separated into two phases:
-First: covers the rapprochement period between the two countries, till the year 2011.
- Second: covers th
e Syrian crisis period when the two countries diverged.
As a result, we see that Turkish –Syrian relations kept on developing in all fields in the first phase till the strategic cooperation in 2009 between them . but when the Syrian crisis happened, turkey found that the change which might happen in Syria could bring allies of The AKP (Muslim Brotherhood ),that means retake the old Turkish strategic domain , that cause stress and regress in the relation between Turkey and Syria, Turkey has started to plan to control and intervene in internal Syrian matters, it has been started by putting economic sanctions on Syria which had abad effect on the standard of living for Syrian inhabitants, then it started to go deeper in its intervention by planning to destroy Syrian industry and stealing industrial companies and factories ,especially in Aleppo.
This research aims to study the Syrian banking system performance in light of
changes that began in Syria since March 2011 and their implications (the case of
Commercial Bank of Syria).
It was found that the banking sector exposure to fallout led
to instability, which
limited the role of as a financial intermediary supporting production and encourage
investment in the various national sectors of the economy, in addition to reducing the
volume of services provided by banks, and changes in exchange rates, and a crisis of
liquidity and credit.
The research has been relying on financial reports which is published on the case of
Commercial Bank of Syria site during the period from 2010 to 2013.
This study aimed at investigating Tishreen university students’ psychological stress
sources.
Furthermore, the study attempted to explore whether students differ according to
their gender, their academic specializations.
The sample of this study
comprised of (200) students: (100 male and 100 female). In
order to achieve the goals of this study the Inventory of University Students’ Sources of
psychological stress was constructed. The final version of the scale consisted of (60) items.
These items distributed in seven dimensions: family stress, economic stress, personal
stress, security stress, social stress, and environment of the learning stress.
The results showed that most areas of the psychological stress is security, and least
influential in them are social stress.
The results also indicated to significant differences (α≤ 0.05) between males and
females means in the social, personal, family, and the economic domains.
according to the variable students’ academic specializations, the results showed no
differences statistically function (0.05 "≥α) between the students.
This study aims to identify new determinants of fertility during the
current circumstances created by the crisis to test the assumptions
upon which study.
The researcher to apply a field study included 323 marital
family.Distributed among displac
ed families and other resident of
the governorate of Damascus has been designed Special
questionnaire reflects the assumptions upon which the search.In
addition, emanating from the main problem of the study as new
determinants of reproductive behavior and fertility appeared in
Syria . Favored childbearing at the expense of the population
awareness that prevailed in the pre-crisis period has been compared
to the direct determinants of fertility with indirect determinants
before and after the crisis.
The crisis in Syria since the beginning of the year 2011 had devastating
effects on Syrian economy, which based on the priorities of the war
economy and stopped the economic reform programs and long-term
development plans to move to the social market economy and integration
into the world economy.
This research paper offers an analysis of the Syrian Crisis in light of
the Realist Theory of International Relations. It argues that Realism
can provide a better explanation for the conduct of regional and
international powers that intervene in t
he Syrian Crisis. As a
preliminary, the paper will provide a historical overview of partition
of Greater Syria since the beginning of the twentieth century to the
establishment of the present-day Syrian state. This places the Syrian
crisis within a historical context that the researcher believes is
important for a deeper understanding of regional and international
policies towards the Syrian Crisis.
يتوجه هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على الدور الهام للصناعة الدوائية في دعم الاقتصاد الوطني. كما يهدف إلى دراسة واقع الصناعة الدوائية السورية بعد خمس سنوات و نصف من الأزمة, و إلى القيام بدراسة تحليلية.
