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Register a new userالإرادة المنفردة بوصفها مصدراً للالتزام (دراسة مقارنة)
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يعد العقد، و هو اتفاق إرادتين على إحداث أثر قانوني، المصدر الإرادي الأساسي للالتزام، و هو مصدر عام. و من ثم فإن الإرادة المزدوجة للموجب و للقابل هي مصدر الالتزام التعاقدي، سواء أكان العقد ملزماً لجانبين أم ملزماً لجانب واحد. و لكن هل تستطيع الإرادة المنفردة أن تُنشِئ الالتزام بمفردها، و بمعنى آخر هل يمكن أن تكون الإرادة المنفردة مصدراً للالتزام؟ و الإرادة المنفردة هي تصرف قانوني يصدر عن شخص بهدف إحداث أثر قانوني، و من دون حاجة إلى إرادة ثانية تتوافق معها. و لا شك في أن الآثار القانونية التي يمكن أن ترتبها الإرادة المنفردة متنوعة؛ فيمكن للإرادة المنفردة أن تنقل حقاً عينياً، كما في الوصية، و يمكن أن تزيل هذا الحق، كما في التنازل عن حق عيني. كما يمكن أن يترتب عليها أثر كاشف، كما في الإقرار بنسب طفل في القانون الفرنسي. و تستطيع الإرادة المنفردة أن تنهي بعض العقود، كعقد الوكالة و عقد العمل غير محدد المدة. و لكن هل تستطيع الإرادة أن تُنشِئ التزاماً ؟
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References used
د. أحمد حشمت أبو ستيت، نظرية الالتزام في القانون المدني الجديد، الطبعة الثانية، مطبعة . مصر، القاهرة 1954
د. توفيق حسن فرج، النظرية العامة للالتزام – في مصادر الالتزام، الدار الجامعية للطباعة والنشر، بيروت، دون تاريخ النشر.
د.عبد الرزاق السنهوري، الوسيط في شرح القانون المدني الجديد، نظرية الالتزام بوجه عام، مصادر الالتزام، المجلد الأول، القاهرة، دون تاريخ النشر.
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The insurer's obligation to declare insured risk data is the most important
obligation in the insurance contract. Based on this declaration, the
insured is able to determine all the terms of the contract.
Paul Riccor, the French philosopher, aims in "Love and Justice" at presenting a new
concept of justice, via its relation with love, leaving behind the traditional concept
manifested in distributive justice; this concept which was established by Ric
cor unable to
put a finale to the social clash, especially the oppressed and marginalized groups. Hence,
he tries to present a new concept of justice via tackling its relation with love. Therefore,
this research presents at first the concept of justice as it was presented by Riccor, then
proceeds to discuss the discrepancy between the traits of love and justice in accordance
with the controversy suggested by Paul Riccor, which will enable us to find a relationship
through which justice can be established via gaining back the ability to love, then looking
at love as more than a mere individual whim; love as one ethic power capable of making a
compromise between happiness and duty. Finally, the research ends up with quite
accumulative consequences capable of creating new horizons due to this research.
In this study 500 obese pregnant women and 250 non-obese pregnant women
(Group of Control) were followed up to prove the role of obesity as a high risk
factor on the incidence of (P.I.H.). We found that:
1. There is a considerable increase in the
incidence of (P.I.H.), which was
proportional to the grade of obesity in the main group. The incidence of P.I.H.
was : %15.38 in grade 1, %26.42 in grade 2 and %42.22 in grade 3 of obesity
(Vs. %6.4 in the control group).
2. There is a considerable increase in the incidence of (P.I.H.) among the obese
pregnant women, especially when they are 36-45 years old (%32.39 Vs. %6.45
in control group).
So that it is advisable to screen all obese pregnant women especially when they
are 36-45 years old and consider them as a high risk group for the indicence of
(P.I.H.).
The phenolic compounds were extracted from leaves and flowers of Hops and grape
seeds from local production by soaking with different solvents (Methanol-ethanol-alcohol
and water mixture) . The polyphenols content in the methanol extracts for 100 g
dry matter
was 6.31 g for the grape seeds, 2.08 g for Hops leaves and 0.6 g for Hops flowers.
Methanol extracts were characterized by an antioxidant activity that appeared by their
ability to Reduce ions ferriques Fe+3, at a concentration of 2500 ppm, the Reducing Power
was 96.45% , 67.56% for the grape seeds and Hops leaves, respectively. The methanolic
extracts of grape seeds and Hops leaves at 80 ppm showed activity in scavenge free radical
DPPH. was 82.04% and 40.92% respectively. The methanolic extracts of grape seeds and
Hops leaves at 250 ppm gave the ability to protect linoleic acid from the oxidation process
of 78.98% and 48.41%, respectively. The antioxidant activity values of the extracts were
compared with standard samples of ascorbic acid and BHT.
This paper seeks to stress that Marlowe's Edward II is, at bottom, a tragic
story or a personal history of its hero's agonies. Therefore, it starts by
considering the dramatic genre of the chronicle play, and shows that
studying Edward II as a tra
ditional history play does not penetrate into its
design and operation. Then the paper moves to emphasize that Mortimer's
rebellion and punishment fit didactic history drama. This leads us to
explore Edward's continual endeavors to write his agonies in the form of
a tale or tragedy.
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