During the Abbasid era , the second half of 5th century AH – 11th century A D , the levant
,which turned to a chessboard governed by conflicting states, suffered from crawling of Seljuk
empire. This situations accompanied by the death of Fatimid ca
lipha ( Al-mustansir) (487 AH-1094
AD). And as a sequence, the Ismaili cult splitted to Mustaali and Nizari. Nizariyya , which centered
in Alamut castle, north of Persia, since 448 AH/ 1095 AD, worked to establish a state in the levant.
At 535 AH/1141 AD , they bring to life a series of castlesm, named ( qelaa Alfdaoyah) ,
which continued alive over 130 years , depending on creating a balance between conflicting parties
of Zangid Ayyubids with the Franks .When the unification of the levant and Egypt was done, under
control of Mamluk , foundations of Alfdaoyah were undermined as a result. But despite its
disappearance from political theatre , their castles and remains are still a witness to their
excellence.
The search treatsAportrait of the al-Gazera al-Foratuh and Bilad al-Sham in the fifth
ALhagrah century/ The eleventh century AD, as Nasirkhusraw introduced it in his journey
(book of travels) "Safar- nama". He explains his travelling line that tour
between that
Countries and he was revealing the position of life through his passing in those cities and
Countries. He introduced important, various and documentary information in different
sides. There was record for some historical news, he appeared the political situation there
and for some civilized works for the being rulers in some areas.
He showed much of the civilized sides, which gave light to the many numbers of the
populated positions as the positions of the cities, their doors, towards, markets and their
different, military, civilized, religion building and the carvings of that building and their
mosaic. As they explain the sources of waters in each area whereas of rivers or of springs
or the wells or of rain waters and the others. As the framings of trees and plants,
occupations and hobbies, and the important commercial centers, coins and the libras, and
some materials for trading in them. As they contain some social information, and some
population in some cities and the religion in those areas, avisit to the holy places, some
being habits and beliefs there and another thing.
After the Arabs succeeded in extending their influence under the Islamic Arab state, as manifested by the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Umayyads and the Abbasids, the authority began to leave their hands in the second Abbasid era, following the arrival of weak caliphs to power.
This research deals with the issue of consuls in the Levant in the last decades of the
Ottoman Empire, by trying to understand the meaning of the work of the consuls, and the
atmosphere that accompanied the entry into Damascus, and methods of appoi
ntment, and
then the differences among them the hope of obtaining the largest share of the bounties of
the Sultanate. The research indicates agents’ consuls and their escorts from the people of
the Sultanate, and trying to understand the relationship between the consuls, governors and
overlap, and their role in public life and exceeded their powers, and most of all looking for
the role of consuls in the conduct of trade movement and control in the Levant from ports
to markets.
تتجلى أهمية هذه الدراسة في كونها أول بحث أكاديمي يعنى برصد نقد الرواية النسائية في بلاد الشام منذ إرهاصاته الأولى
The theoretical developments in archaeology have influenced the
nature of cultural inferences that can be achieved by studying material
culture. Since the fifties of last century the aims of archaeology were
beyond identifying the cultural-histori
cal context of material culture.
Instead the focus was inferring cultural aspects from artifacts and testing
assumptions on material culture. To reach such a research end, the
relationships between human behavior and material culture should be
more identified. Moreover, the evaluation of archaeological assumptions
based on material foundation ought to be measured in a context where
both human behavior and material culture can be directly observed.
Ethnoarchaeological studies, therefore, have been developed to clearly
identify human-material relationships and to testify the archaeological
assumption where behaviors can be directly observed and to identify the
factors that can affect these behaviors and their material correlates.
Despite the fact that ethnoarchaeology has been intensively practiced in
most parts of the world, less studies have been carried out in the Levant.
Hence, this paper aims at presenting the nature and conceptualization of
ethnoarchaeology, the main topics that have been studied in this part of
the world and how to use such studies for archaeological reasoning.
Moreover, it aims to suggest further research aspects that can be studied
and how to use such studies with archaeological and historical sources to
conceptualize the past in the Levant from inside.
لا تزال تحتفظ من نوادر مخطوطات المكتبة العربية التي لم يتم تحقيقها أو
التعريف بها، رسالة بعنوان "جغرافية بلاد الشام" لرفاعة رافع الطهطاوي، صنفها
المستشرق الألماني كارل بروكلمان ( 1956 ) في مواضيع الجغرافية، و تأخذ رسالة
الطهطاوي قيمتها التاريخية ف
ي أنها غير مطبوعة و غير محققة، و قيمتها العلمية
بوصفها إسهامًا في علم الجغرافية و في علم التاريخ، و تزداد أهميتها من خلال
المنهجية المتبعة في إنجازها، و من نوعية المعلومات المدرجة فيها.
This research deals with the importance of trade in the Levant, through the site, which produced the important commercial cities prominent, and displays the influence of Bedouin negatively and positively in the movement of trade and the danger to the movement of goods and the reputation of the state. And the impact of the road sector and the damage toll they trade, taking advantage of the geographical nature of the Levant.
