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A Study of the Quality Characteristics of Khraig Olive Oil the Factors Affecting them and their Conformation to the Syrian and International Standards

دراسة الخصائص النوعية لزيت الزيتون (الخريج) و بعض العوامل المؤثرة عليها و مدى مطابقتها للمواصفات القياسية السورية و الدولية

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 Publication date 2012
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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This research defines Khraig, whose production is restricted to Syrian coastal area. Khraig is the oil extracted from olive fruits after blanching, covered fermentation and drying. All qualitative characteristics of this oil are studied: weight, refractive index, saponification number, iodine value, ultraviolet absorption, fatty acids percentages, peroxide value and free acidity percentage determined as oleic acid. The last two parameters are found to be the main causes for the non-conformation of Khraig oil to the Syrian and International standards of virgin olive oil. Hence, it is necessary to study the effects of the abovementioned treatments of olive fruits on the produced oil. The results indicate that increasing either blanching time from five to ten minutes, or time of covered fermentation from two to three days considerably increases peroxide value of the produced Khraig oil exceeding thus the maximum limit set by the Syrian and International standards. In addition, both treatments lower oil quality by increasing its acidity. The results also show that drying olive fruits for two days instead of one day has a negative effect on oil quality by decreasing organoleptic score and increasing both acidity and peroxide value. Sun drying raises organoleptic score and decreases acidity compared to drying in the shade, but it increases peroxide value, and hence decreases the period of oil storability. There is a need for further studies of Khraig oil, especially the effects of the abovementioned processing steps on important oil constituents related to quality, nutritive value and storability such as tocopherols, sterols, and polyphenols. Likewise, the study of the desirable flavor compounds of this oil is also necessary.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
تتناول هذه الدراسة الخصائص النوعية لزيت الزيتون الخريج، الذي يتم إنتاجه في المنطقة الساحلية السورية من خلال عمليات السلق والكمر والتجفيف. تم تحليل عدة خصائص نوعية للزيت مثل الوزن النوعي، معامل الانكسار، رقم التصبن، الرقم اليودي، الامتصاص الضوئي للأشعة فوق البنفسجية، النسب المئوية للأحماض الدهنية، رقم البيروكسيد، والنسبة المئوية للحموضة الحرة. أظهرت النتائج أن زيادة مدة السلق من خمس إلى عشر دقائق أو زيادة مدة الكمر من يومين إلى ثلاثة أيام تؤدي إلى زيادة كبيرة في رقم البيروكسيد والنسبة المئوية للحموضة، مما يجعل الزيت غير مطابق للمواصفات القياسية السورية والدولية. كما أن زيادة مدة التجفيف من يوم إلى يومين تؤدي إلى انخفاض جودة الزيت من الناحيتين الحسية والكيميائية. التجفيف الشمسي أظهر تأثيراً إيجابياً في تحسين التقييم الحسي وخفض الحموضة، لكنه أدى إلى ارتفاع رقم البيروكسيد. توصي الدراسة بإجراء المزيد من الأبحاث حول تأثير خطوات التصنيع على مكونات الزيت الهامة مثل التوكوفيرولات والستيرولات والبولي فينولات، وكذلك دراسة المركبات التي تكسب الزيت نكهته المميزة.
Critical review
تقدم الدراسة تحليلاً شاملاً ومفصلاً للخصائص النوعية لزيت الزيتون الخريج، وتسلط الضوء على العوامل التي تؤثر على جودته ومدى مطابقته للمواصفات القياسية. ومع ذلك، يمكن تحسين الدراسة من خلال توسيع نطاق العينات لتشمل مناطق إنتاج أخرى وتوفير بيانات أكثر شمولاً عن الكميات المنتجة. كما أن الدراسة تركز بشكل كبير على الخصائص الكيميائية والحسية دون تناول الجوانب الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لإنتاج زيت الخريج. من المفيد أيضاً تضمين توصيات عملية للمزارعين لتحسين جودة الزيت وتقليل التأثيرات السلبية لعمليات التصنيع المختلفة.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هي العوامل الرئيسية التي تؤثر على جودة زيت الزيتون الخريج؟

    العوامل الرئيسية التي تؤثر على جودة زيت الزيتون الخريج تشمل مدة السلق، مدة الكمر، ومدة ونوع التجفيف.

  2. ما هي الخصائص التي تجعل زيت الزيتون الخريج غير مطابق للمواصفات القياسية؟

    الخصائص التي تجعل زيت الزيتون الخريج غير مطابق للمواصفات القياسية هي ارتفاع رقم البيروكسيد والنسبة المئوية للحموضة الحرة.

  3. كيف يؤثر التجفيف الشمسي على جودة زيت الزيتون الخريج؟

    التجفيف الشمسي يحسن التقييم الحسي ويخفض الحموضة، لكنه يؤدي إلى ارتفاع رقم البيروكسيد مما يقلل من قابلية الزيت للتخزين الطويل.

  4. ما هي التوصيات التي تقدمها الدراسة لتحسين جودة زيت الزيتون الخريج؟

    توصي الدراسة بسلق الثمار لمدة خمس دقائق فقط، كمر الثمار لمدة يومين، وتجفيف الثمار لمدة يوم واحد في الظل لتحسين جودة الزيت.


References used
Al Ibrahim, A. Olive oil sector in Syria: The present status and perspective. Olive Bioteq. Second International Seminar; 5- 10 November, Marsaala Mazara Delvallo, Italy. 2006, 99- 108
http www.oliveoil-wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm. 30/ 6/ 2012
وزارة الزراعة و الإصلاح الزراعي. المجموعة الإحصائية الزراعية السنوية. 2010.
Naddaf, M. and Stephanie, E. Separation and identification of phenolic compounds in Syrian virgin olive oils. J. Agr. Food Chem., Vol. 34, 2006, 3535- 3542
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