The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of phenolic compounds of olive
trees leaves (Olea europaea L.) as Biomarker for the assessment of lead air pollution at
Banias area. Olive trees were selected as the predominant species in the
study area. The
samples were collected from 6 locations at different distances from the vicinity of the
Banias refinery (0.1, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 10) Km. The dominated wind in the region is western -
southwesterly during the winter (March) and summer (September), The control was taken
from an area about 20 km from the refinery to the north-east (al-Qardahah rural).
The concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPC) during the summer was (45.6-70.85)
mg GAE/g dw and in the control (40.4) mg GAE/g dw, and during the winter the content
of TPC was (35.6-52.9) mg GAE/g dw and in the control (25.8) mg GAE/g dw. The
concentration of Lead (Pb) in unwashed leaves during the summer was (0.879 – 2.170)
ppm and in the control (0.005) ppm, whilst during the winter was (0.479-1.023) ppm and
in the control (0.00083) ppm. The results showed significant differences in the
concentration of total phenolic compounds and lead between sites (Anova test). High
concentration of total phenols and lead in the summer compared to values in winter at all
sites (t-test). The results also showed a negative correlation between the concentration of
total phenolic compounds and lead with the distance from the refinery of Banias. Finally,
The results showed that the TPC can be used as biomarker of lead air pollution in Banias
area.
Total Polyphenol was studied in olive leaves collected from Lattakia area
(AlQurdaha zone), where Phenolic compounds were extracted from dry Olive leaves by
using two extraction methods: maceration and Ultrasonic Device. By the both two methods
a
study was carried out on the extraction solvent concentration effect where the extraction
was done by using the mixture of Ethanol-Water with different percentages (60,70,80
%). As well, The extraction temperature effect was studied at the both methods at (20,30,
40°C); in addition to the study of the extraction time effect.
At the method of Maceration Extraction, the total polyphenols amount was studied in
dry olive leaves after extraction during different times (24,48,72 h). While at the Ultrasonic
Extraction the times were (10,20,30 min).
The study showed that the highest amount of phenolic compounds were existed in
dry olive leaves which were extracted by Ultrasonic Waves with the concentration of the
solvent ethanol-water 80%, temperature of 40°C, and with an extraction time of 20min.
The research was carried out during two season 2012/2013 –
2013/2014 in Eh-Shikh Barder area. To study the effect of mineral
and cows organic manure on quality of leaves Syrian thyme
(Thymus vulgaris L.) plant.
The; research was carried out during the two agricultural seasons 2010/2011-
2011/2012 at Par. of Agriculture, Department of crops, to study the effect of date
harvesting of Thymus vulgaris L. on quantity and essential oil percentage thyme leaves .
Planting seeds at 5/1/2010 at polyethylene don full 250/g soil and transplanting seedlings
at 1/2/2011 experiment locationn in area Al-sheikh Bader,Tartous Governator(Syria) the
experiment was randomized blocks designs. with three replications, using 3 harvesting
dates
Before flowering stage (T1) 61 days after transplanting.
Full flowering stage (T2) ater 65 days after transplanting.
After flowering stage "decennary binging" (T3) 72 days after transplanting. The
results showed that:
The harvesting time before flowring stage gave significant increasing in percentage
of moisture of herb, significantly increasing carbohydrates, fat in leaves comparing to the
another date harvesting full and after flowering stages (T1,T2) respectively.
The harvesting of time full flowering (T2) gave significant increase at protein
percentage, ash and essential oil in thyme leaves compared to the times harvesting before
and after flowering stages (T1) and (T3) respectively.
The harvesting time after flowering stages (T3) caused significantly decreased
moisture percentage in herb, protein percentage and fat percentage in leaves compared to
the two harvestings before and full flowering stages (T1) and (T2) on another hand
significantly increased of total fiber compared to the (T1) and (T2) harvesting stages during
the two seasons.
The effect of phenolic compounds were extracted from leaves of Dan
and Toufahi sorts of Syrian olives, spread particularly in Damascus
country, studied on the activity of Guaiacol peroxidise in the celles of
Kolioptyl Zea myse L. Solutions of thre
e different concentrations of
phenolic extracts are used in the work : 25% , 50% and 100%.
The experiment was done within -2014 in plant physiology lab.of agriculture faculty
of Tishreen University for estimation of high temperature stress toleration of citrus leaves
in three varietis(Citrus Unshiu , Meyer Lemon,Citrus SinensisWashington
). Many random
samples of leaves were gathered from the foliage of the examined categories whereas tha
average of the taken leaves was 200 from the whole sides for each one tree from the
branches which are one year old . which were put for limited duration in a water bath about
many different degrees of temperature then they were put in water and then in a solution of
HCL acid .
Many references were studied of containing :non spotting on leaves ,which means
they are un harmed,simple spotting,the spotting of more than half of the leaves area,the
perfect leaves spotting.
Studied temperature were as the following :40-50-60-70-80.Each one of this
mentiond temperature,40 leaves were used .The statistics analys were done with the way of
Genstat 12,for the comparison between averages for the sake of calculating the least
significant difference at the guidance level :5% .
Studies showed that Satsuma leaves are the most toleration for high temperature,next
Citrus SinensisWashington is less than Satsuma.At last Meyer Lemon was the least .
This study was conducted in the village of Almetrkyah located in the southern
coastal plain of Lattakia city during 2014. In order to study the effect of Cucumber mosaic
virus on growth and development of two varieties of peppers, hybrid ESTAR F1 H
(sweet
pepper) and Demer(spicy pepper). This study included eight treatments, four treatments
for each variety. Plants were mechanically inoculated in three different stages, preflowering
bloom, flowering andpost-flowering stages each beside its non-inoculated
control. The result should that, the appearance of Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms on
infected sweet hybrid, was within four days before its appearance on inoculated spicy
variety,symptoms were leaf crinkle, leaf deformation, yellow patches and plant stunting.
Inoculated plants showed reduction in number of leaves, number of branches and yield.
Plants in pre flowering bloom stage were more effected by virus infection in both
varieties. Meannumber of leaves per plant of ESTAR F1 H hybrid were 130 in pre
flowering bloom stage compared with 170 leaf/plant in the control treatment. Mean
number of branches per plant of ESTAR F1 H hybrid were 43,4 branch/plant in pre
flowering bloom stage compared with 56,7branch/plant in the control treatment. Total
pepper production per plant was 700,8g in infected plants in preflowering bloom stage
compared with 1267,5g/plant in ESTAR F1 H hybrid control. Results of Demer variety
take the same results of ESTAR F1 H hybrid. The effect of virus infection on pepper plants
were reduced when inoculation were done during flowering stage and post-flowering stage,
differences were significant between inoculated plants in both varieties.
Effect of Citrus trestiza virus (CTV) in Growth of Balady common orange and
Satsuma trees grafted on sour orange Rootstock in Hraisoon during 2013 was studied. The
results showed that of infection by CTV caused deformation of shaped leaves, boat or
spoon-shaped leaves. The symptoms was greater in Satsuma from Balady common orange
trees. Also leaf size average of Balady common orange trees reduced from 15.58 cm2 in
healthy trees to 11.82 cm2 in infection trees as percentage 24.13, and from 19.64 cm2 in
healthy Satsuma trees to 12.38 cm2 in infection trees as percentage 36.97. and length
average of spring, summery and autumnal fresh foliages growths was reduced from 20.98
cm, 14.62 cm, 12.17cm in healthy Balady common orange trees to18.75cm, 12.52cm, 9.32
cm in infection trees respectively. Also it reduced from 18.78 cm, 14.56 cm, 10.06 cm in
healthy Satsuma trees to 13.78 cm, 9.34 cm, 6.03 cm in infection trees respectively, the
CTV had no significant effect on Trunk circumference in both varieties.
Phenols were studied in the leaves of Syrian olive varieties collected from (Harasta
and Ghouta, Damascus Countryside and Qalamun). Phenolic compounds were extracted
from the olive leaf varieties after disposal of plant pigments and fatty compounds, and
total phenols separated with solvent (methanol - water).
This experiment was carried out during 2009 and 2010 seasons in fields
cultivated with 10 years of Dan and Nebaly cultivars of olive trees in province
of Damascus to study the effect of foliar spray of to one of nitrogen (N), boron
(B) and zinc (Z
) on the leaf area, shoot length, number of flowers, leaves
content of mineral elements, fertilization. These elements were sprayed
individually or combined together four times during the growing season as
follows: nitrogen (5 g/l), boric acid (2g /l), zinc sulfate (2g/ l), nitrogen + boric
acid, nitrogen + zinc sulfate, Boric acid + Zinc sulfate, and nitrogen + boric acid
+ zinc sulphate) at the same rates in single spray.
