The study deals with the first and second wars of the Balkans (1912-1913) and the
economic, social and political crises that ensued. In fact, the events of these complex and
complex wars have since constituted a major problem for European countries
.
The research also discusses the policy of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, its political
and military status prior to the declaration of war, the Balkan alliance, the secret files of
March 13 until the end of September 1912, and the peace talks between the two parties to
the London Treaty of May 30, 1913. The former Balkan allies shared the spoils of the First
War, the 1913 peace treaties and the outcome of the war.
The study deals with the question of the privileges of Venice in the Arabic Orient
and the development of these privileges in the Ottoman period, by understanding the
meaning of the privileges and their historical development in the Ottoman Empire
and the
circumstances that accompanied the granting of economic, religious and judicial privileges
to the Venetians, exploited by them to achieve their interests and expand their trade. The
study also deals with the Treaty of 1517 between the Ottomans and the Venetians as an
example of the positive and negative effects on both sides. This treaty is considered the
basis for subsequent treaties between the Ottomans on the one hand and the Venetians and
the European countries on the other.
Prince Fakhruddin is the second of the princes who ruled
Lebanon and established the foundations of the modern
Lebanese state. Mount Lebanon enjoyed a degree of autonomy
within the Ottoman Empire. The history of the Principality is
primarily the history of the integration of Mount Lebanon, all
under the banner of the Ottoman authority, despite its
autonomy.
The Carolingian Empire which was established by Emperor Charlemagne in (184AH
/ 800AD) remained strong throughout his life until his death in (199AH / 814 AD), but his
son Louis the Pious (199-226 AH / 814-840 AD) who succeeded him to the throne wa
s
unable to preserve the Empire. So, he divided it between his sons following the steps of the
Franks. This division led to the outbreak of the civil wars Inside the Carolingian Family.
The situation aggravated terribly after his death which led to the division of the Empire
between his three sons under theTreaty of Verdun, but wars and political conflicts have
continued between the three Kingdoms. These conflicts in the Carolingian Empire will be
the subject of the study.
Syria has suffered in the ancient history of the many conflicts that have at home, and
represents a conflict between the Persian Empire and the Byzantine Empire one of the most
important and longest of these conflicts that have to control the most
important cities such
as Damascus and Edessa and Akadds.othml Arabs living there the horrors of those
conflicts and suffered a lot, the Persian Empire has taken Arabs in Iraq Manathira shield
shielding them Byzantines attacks as well as from the Byzantines took Ghassanid living in
Syria shield shielding them Persians attacks and have been associated with them Bohlav
and treaties. This situation continued until the Muslim conquest of Syria where he entered
in the first Arab-Islamic state.
Compared with his father, Sultan Mohammad the Conqueror , Sultan Bayezid II
achieved little – in the military field- on the European front. However, strategically looked
at, they were of great importance. He managed to annex both cities Kilia and C
rimean.
Doing this the black sea became an Ottoman lake. He got involved in a war against
Venice, and captured some positions; that helped to advance in the eastern basin of the
Mediterranean Sea, and in its western basin as well. on the eastern front failure was
dominant. Mamluks' forces managed in defeating several Ottoman armies. His peaceful
policies and his slackness in front of the Safavids led to the eruption of several hostile anti-
Ottoman movements, and allowed more Safavids influence in Anatolia.
Finally to Sultan Bayzid II virtue is attributed for modernizing sea and land forces.
Relying on fire arms his son, sultan Selim I succeeded in scoring decisive victories against
the Safavids and Mamluks.
Struggle for the throne in the Ottoman State started since it was created. Ottoman
sultans tried by all available ways to protect their positions. This explains the various
preventive measures, they adopted, to protect their thrones. Relying on 're
ligious fatwa'
Mohammad the Conqueror issued his law which allowed him to kill his brothers in order to
prevent disfigurement of the national unity. This law stayed in use for a century, till it was
replaced by a new law: keeping all princes under repressive home arrest in the suites In
the palace, called cages. The children of the present sultan were exempted from this
treatment.
This struggle led to many civil wars which contributed to the decline of the
Ottoman State, like the ferocious conflict between the two sons of Sultan Mohammad the
Conqueror.
This paper proposes to examine the role of the English aristocracy in
the colonial process and in empire building as shown in The Caxtons, a
novel written by the nineteenth-century novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton
and published in 1849. The novel wil
l be contextualized within a larger
framework of other literary and non-literary texts.
This research deals with the importance of trade in the Levant, through the site, which produced the important commercial cities prominent, and displays the influence of Bedouin negatively and positively in the movement of trade and the danger to the movement of goods and the reputation of the state. And the impact of the road sector and the damage toll they trade, taking advantage of the geographical nature of the Levant.
