In this study, we study language change in Chinese Biji by using a classification task: classifying Ancient Chinese texts by time periods. Specifically, we focus on a unique genre in classical Chinese literature: Biji (literally notebook'' or brush n
otes''), i.e., collections of anecdotes, quotations, etc., anything authors consider noteworthy, Biji span hundreds of years across many dynasties and conserve informal language in written form. For these reasons, they are regarded as a good resource for investigating language change in Chinese (Fang, 2010). In this paper, we create a new dataset of 108 Biji across four dynasties. Based on the dataset, we first introduce a time period classification task for Chinese. Then we investigate different feature representation methods for classification. The results show that models using contextualized embeddings perform best. An analysis of the top features chosen by the word n-gram model (after bleaching proper nouns) confirms that these features are informative and correspond to observations and assumptions made by historical linguists.
Nowadays, named entity recognition (NER) achieved excellent results on the standard corpora. However, big issues are emerging with a need for an application in a specific domain, because it requires a suitable annotated corpus with adapted NE tag-set
. This is particularly evident in the historical document processing field. The main goal of this paper consists of proposing and evaluation of several transfer learning methods to increase the score of the Czech historical NER. We study several information sources, and we use two neural nets for NE modeling and recognition. We employ two corpora for evaluation of our transfer learning methods, namely Czech named entity corpus and Czech historical named entity corpus. We show that BERT representation with fine-tuning and only the simple classifier trained on the union of corpora achieves excellent results.
In this study, we have normalized and lemmatized an Old Literary Finnish corpus using a lemmatization model trained on texts from Agricola. We analyse the error types that occur and appear in different decades, and use word error rate (WER) and diffe
rent error types as a proxy for measuring linguistic innovation and change. We show that the proposed approach works, and the errors are connected to accumulating changes and innovations, which also results in a continuous decrease in the accuracy of the model. The described error types also guide further work in improving these models, and document the currently observed issues. We also have trained word embeddings for four centuries of lemmatized Old Literary Finnish, which are available on Zenodo.
The theory - the opinion of a lot of thinkers contemporary - important theories
philosophical, social and which established to enter the era of modernity and beyond, may
be a cash German philosopher Kant cornerstone in Renaissance European accordin
g to this
theory, so try this search with a stamp philosophical and social that highlights the origin of
the emergence of these critical theory since the beginning the first to Renaissance, as he
tries to that keeps track of their development historical and philosophical and social
conditions, political and the surrounding, and what is the position of some of the
philosophers of these critical theory. However, the question, which can ask here, is a form
of the following: is the critical theory in turn, social, political and in the community, and
do have contributed to change the desired which seeks to in the community. The basis of
this question it should we have to trace the process of its development historical, and to
identify the most important views of the philosophers, which they told them.
Van Tijm and Victor Gremonsky, in their comparative monetary work, have
established two closely related, largely divergent approaches and research methods. The
first to follow the approach of EvelFeilmann to look at international literary relations
is a
certain historical causation (historical theory). And the second approach to the theory of
typology, influenced by the writings of A. Vesilowski monetary, influenced by German
philosophers, starting in the second half of the eighteenth century. The term similarities
and differences between literatures is presented as a result of similarity or difference in the
movement of the development of societies and their conditions.
However, their divergence in principle did not override their agreement on some
partial issues and their divergence in other matters. This is what the research will try to
look at, using extrapolation as a means to elucidate judgments, which were ignored by
scholars and interested parties, in the hope of giving each person the right, both impartially
and objectively, to adopt their texts.
This study aims to illustrate the Inflation's effect associated with
the crisis which Syria suffers from , on the Financial statements,
especially that related to the income statement and balance sheet .
Besides presenting the proposed accounting
income's by
professional accounting organizations to treat the effect of inflation
on the financial statement .
To achieve the study's goals, one of the proposed income has been
applied according to the international accountant standard to treat
such phenomena on the financial statements in one of the
companies operating in the country.
The objective of the research to learn the skills of historical thinking
contained in a history book second row literary secondary, adopted
search the descriptive approach, the researcher used list tool thinking
skills to historical composed of,5
the skills of Chairperson, and 26 subskill
distributed on five skills of the Chairperson.
That included a sample search all the contents of the Student book of the
substance of the history of the second grade literary secondary issued by
the Ministry of Education in the Syrian Arab Republic, entitled to: (the
history of the modern world and contemporary).
This paper presents the producing of touristic tour using tourist data and management
the data in GIS environment by using the extension network analyst in ARCGIS to find the
better time routine with time as obstacle. The base map was the tourist m
ap for Tartous
with scale 1:250 000.
DTM and several three dimension data was generated for studying area for helping
people to know nature of the area, by using the topographic map for Tartous with scale
1/250000 . Also, in this research the spatial tourist data base was generated for Tartous
province using GIS which contains data about road, town, ruins sites, services ( like oil
stations, restaurants and hotels and others serve the tourist).
Network analyst was applied on ruins sites in Tartous province to calculate the better
routine from the hotel to supposed several ruins sites.
The integration between tourist data and ArcGIS software with its extension
network analyst can help for obtaining better touristic services by determining the better
touristic tour to visit the desirable touristic sites in short time.
This study tries to examine human group in general and in developing countries in
particular. This is not only to trace its progress but also to find an answer to the question
that became very crucial nowadays which is: On which base could a group
of individuals
be gathered or connected? What would the best form of human union? This question
became significant considering the clashes troubles and wars the whole world have
witnessed and still witness.In order to answer the question we have to pass on and define a
number of conceptions that were very problematic in the history of modern Arab thinking
and in the contemporary one as well. Such as: Nation, State, nation-state, connectedness,
civil society and other conceptions that were ultimately unobvious and misused. this study
tries to develop a new concept which is related to the historical progress theory. It criticizes
the claim of the end of the history but it shows the other side of historical progress that
goes on the opposite direction of the natural progress. This new movement of the history is
a movement towards the past instead of moving towards future. This is the dangerous
dimension of this orientation because it expresses the great Reaction in the social and
political life. This problems is what this study tries to focus on.
This research will focus on the beginning of historical writing in
maghreb . itamis at getting knowledge of historical writing in
Maghreb as being late compared with the eastern historical writing and the relation between them and its . influemce b
y it . Researches concerning this subject are few and extraneous . this research present the subjects studied by the Maghreb historians like biographies ' Revision of books bibliographies ; of countries
biographies and invasions and others . the research will throw light their social status and their influence by the ،on authors education social situation . it will also throw light their concepts of historical their motives and their objectivity
