Civil marriage and the Lebanese draft personal status law as a model, a critical study in its most important conceptual obligations

In the past years, I have been actively promoting the civil marriage project This promotion was dominated by the (non-scientific) propaganda method, which aims to polish and market the idea of ​​civil marriage. Until the matter became confusing for many people, including those who possessed their faith belief, and practiced their religious commitment in the practical side. Perhaps the reason for this confusion is - in addition to what we have mentioned of the promotional and propaganda method - the failure of these people to pay attention to the fact that the drafts of the Civil Marriage Law - and those laws in force in many countries - are in clear and equal violation of what is stated in the Noble Qur’an, and the Sunnah of the Prophet (p. ) and his capacity (peace be upon them), and that it depends on a set of justifications and compelling reasons that involve more than weakness, so that it does not withstand the Criticism and analysis. Hence, it was useful to initiate a comparative study between the sources of legislation in Islam (the Qur’an and the Sunnah..) in their relevant texts.

دور المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان في تطوير القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان

يعد القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان من بين أعقد القوانين الخاصة بحقوق الإنسان، سواء تعلق الأمر بنوعية الحقوق المضمونة أو بنظام الحماية ،المعد من أجل تكريس ومراقبة تطبيق هذه الحقوق.لذلك قامت دول مجلس أوروبا بتفعيل هذه الحقوق ؛من خلال سن مجموعة لا بأس بها من القوانين المكرسة لحقوق الأفراد وحرياتهم وعلى رأس هذه القوانين نجد الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان وبروتوكولاتها المكملة.زيادة على ذلك نجد بأن دول مجلس أوروبا لم تكتف بسن القوانين، بل كفلت لها جهاز رقابة يسهر على تطبيق هذه الحقوق وضمان احترامها من قبل الدول المتعاقدة وحتى الأفراد.ولم يقتصر دور المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان على رقابة مدى تطبيق الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان، بل امتد دورها ليشمل وقوفها على الأوضاع الجديدة التي طرأت على الساحة الأوروبية و التي لم تكن منظمة من قبل الاتفاقية ومحاولة تنظيمها وتقنينها . لكن قبل التطرق إلى دراسة هذا الدور المستحدث من قبل المحكمة، لا بد أن نقف على شرح بعض المصطلحات وهذا لكي نسهل عملية فهم هذا البحث.ومن أهم هذه المصطلحات نجد مثلا:القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان و المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان . يتكون القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان أساسا من الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان والحريات الأساسية لعام 1950وبروتوكولاتها المكملة؛ بالإضافة إلى مصادر الاستلهام الأخرى والتي تعتبر مكملة كالاتفاقية الأوروبية لمنع التعذيب والمعاملة القاسية والمهينة و غير الإنسانية لعام 1987.وغيرها من الاتفاقيات المبرمة في إطار مجلس أوروبا. أضف إلى ذلك الاتفاقيات المبرمة في إطار الاتحاد الأوروبي كالميثاق الاجتماعي الأوروبي ، وكذلك الاتفاقية الأولية لحقوق الإنسان ،والإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان لعام 1948.و الذي يعتبر مصدر استئناسي يعتمد عليها القاضي الأوروبي لتفعيل حماية حقوق الإنسان عن طريق المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان.و تعتبر هذه الأخيرة الجهاز القضائي الوحيد المكلف بتطبيق الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان ، وهذا منذ صدور البروتوكول رقم 11 الصادر سنة 1998 الذي قام بإلغاء اللجنة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان. حيث تم إنشاء هذه المحكمة سنة 1958 بعد موافق ة 8 دول من مجلس أوروبا على التشكيلة،وحسب التنظيم الداخلي للمحكمة فإن مصطلح المحكمة ينصرف على كل تشكيلات الهيئة القضائية الدولية الجديدة ، التي تتشكل من لجان و3 قضاة 2 وكذلك من غرفة من 7 قضاة ، حيث يتم تعين قاضي مقرر من بين أعضائها 3 ، والغرفة الكبرى التي تتكون من 17 قاضيا تعمل لمدة ثلاث سنوات تضم رئيس المحكمة ونائبا للرئيس ورؤساء المجموعات الأربع،وفي كل قضية ينتخب قاضي باسم الدولة المدعى عليه وتكمل 4 بتسعة قضاة مختارين حسب نظام دوري معقد . تقوم المحكمة من خلال التشكيلات السابقة بتطبيق القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان ،و تعمل أيضا على تفسير المواد وتطبيقها بشكل يساهم في تطوير وإثراء القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان.هذا الأمر جعل من القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان يتميز بالتفرد والتطور الكبير فهو يعتبر أكثر الأنظمة الإقليمية تطورا في مجال حماية حقوق الإنسان.حيث امتد تأثيره ليتعدى حدود مجلس أوروبا ويؤثر على مختلف الهيئات القضائية الدولية .فعلى سبيل المثال يرى الأستاذ"أنطونيو كاسيسي " " Cassasse Antonio " بأن بعض الهيئات القضائية الجنائية 5 الدولية قد أخذت بعين الاعتبار بالاجتهاد القضائي للمحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان .وفي نفس السياق فإن لجنة حقوق الإنسان التابعة للأمم المتحدة أخذت باجتهاد المحكمة الأوروبية 6 لحقوق الإنسان .كما أن هذا التأثير امتد ليشمل هيئات دولية إقليمية كاللجنة الإفريقية لحقوق 7 الإنسان والشعوب ،أضف إلى ذلك حضور الاجتهاد القضائي للمحكمة في عمل الوكالات 8 الدولية المتخصصة هذا من جهة،ومن جهة أخرى نجد النفوذ الذي تتمتع به معظم دول أوروبا في العالم والذي نراه مجسدا في أعلى الهيئات الدولية وعلى رأسها مجلس الأمن.حيث أن ثلاثة أعضاء من بين الخمسة الدائمين هم دول من مجلس أوروبا ،والذين يمثلون كل من فرنسا و بريطانيا وروسيا وهي في نفس الوقت أعضاء في الاتفاقية والمحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان.زيادة على ذلك تبوء كل من هذه الدول للزعامة في مستعمراتها، فبريطانيا مثلا لا تزال محافظة على نفوذها في مستعمراتها وسيطرتها على دول الكومنولث، وفرنسا نجدها على رأس منظمة الدول الفرانكفونية أما روسيا فتأثيرها يمتد إلى كل المعسكر الاشتراكي سابقا.الأمر الذي يعني أن تأثير هذه الدول كبير جد و ا يظهر هذا جليا في محاولتها لصياغة بعض مفاهيم حقوق الإنسان وفرضها على العالم الثالث بحجة التمدن والتحضر . وبما أن القانون الأوروبي يلقى هذا الاحترام والتقدير والنفوذ في العالم ؛ فالجدير بنا الوقوف على العوامل المساعدة على تطوره والتي من أهمها المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان، والتي كان لها دور كبير في تطويره. وبالتالي فإن نطاق دراسة هذا الموضوع يكون على النحو التالي :فمن حيث الاختصاص الإقليمي سنركز في دراستنا على دول القارة الأوروبية والذين هم أعضاء في مجلس أوروب ،وا أعضاء أيضا في الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان وكذا في المحكمة الأوربية لحقوق الإنسان ،والتي يبلغ عددها حاليا 47 دولة بعد انضمام آخر دولة وهي صربيا .بالإضافة إلى مناقشة بعض القضايا التي يفرضها واجب الانتماء للوطن العربي والإسلامي ونذكر منها على سبيل المثال لا الحصر الجرائم الفرنسية ف ي الجزائر بين 1945الى غاية 1962.وكذلك قضية قصف تركيا لبعض مواقع الأكراد في العراق واستهدافها لبعض العراقيين أحيانا . أما الاختصاص الزماني فيبدأ من يوم إبرام الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان ودخولها حيز التنفيذ سنة 1950 إلى يومنا هذا ،طبعا مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار تاريخ تصديق كل دولة على الاتفاقية وقبولها للاختصاص الإلزامي لمحكمة ستراسبورغ . أما من حيث الاختصاص الموضوعي سنركز في دراستنا على الحقوق والحريات الواردة في الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان وبروتوكولاتها المكملة، وعليه نطرح الإشكالية التالية: ما مدى مساهمة المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان في تطوير القانون الأوروبي لحقوق الإنسان؟وما هي الأساليب التي اعتمدتها من أجل تكريس هذا التطوير؟

The phenomenon of marriage of minors in the shadow of the Syrian crisis Field study in the city of Jaramana

The aim of the research is to identify the main reasons that contributed to the emergence of the phenomenon of underage marriage in the shadow of the Syrian crisis, and the effects on the girl in particular, and on the whole society in general, and to make recommendations to alleviate their spread in the Syrian society . A descriptive analytical approach was used in the study of the phenomenon. A questionnaire was designed, divided into two parts: a questionnaire on the characteristics of the sample members. It included 12 words that measure a range of personal and demographic variables such as: age of the minor at marriage, degree of kinship with the husband, educational level of the minor, , The marital status of the minor, the number of children, etc., and the question about the phenomenon of marriage of minors, and included (20) words, showing the factors that led to the marriage and the effects of this marriage . This questionnaire was applied to a sample of married minor women residing in the shelters in the city of Jaramana. The sample was chosen according to the intentional method. The sample was 62 women. The researcher also verified the veracity of the questionnaire by presenting the sample questionnaire to a number of specialized arbitrators , And found that this questionnaire covers most aspects of the subject of the study. Thus, the questionnaire came out in its final form. The study also reached several results, the most important of which are: (The reason for the marriage of minors under the Syrian crisis was due to the harsh conditions suffered by families of the sample , Especially security conditions And physical and social factors, based on the fear of their daughters being exposed to problems affecting their honor, and to alleviate the material burden, especially in families with large number of children, there is a significant relationship between the educational status of the husband and the violence practiced by the wife in the study sample, A significant relationship between the husband's profession and the violence against the wife in the sample of the study. Early marriage affects the health, psychological and social situation of the minor girl.

The marriage instrument is not an executive bond in terms of restrictions through executive detention

In the text of article 275 of the new Syrian Code of Procedure, the legislator included the marriage instrument in the executive documents which may be implemented directly through the Execution Department. Enforcement circles have become more restrictive than ever before with husbands to require a dowry without the husband being sentenced to.

Attitudes of Jordanians People toward Marriage for Persons with Sensory Disabilities, and the effect of some variables on it (Descriptive and Comparative Study)

This study aimed to know the attitudes of Jordanians people toward marriage for persons with sensory disabilities (visual or hearing impairment). And it aimed to Investigated the effect of some variables on these attitudes. In order to achieve the aims of this study, a scale of attitudes toward marriage for persons with sensory disabilities were used to collect data from (800) persons. The results indicated that the percentage of Jordanians people who supported marriage for persons with sensory disabilities was (82.1). Also it indicated that there are statistically significant differences between the Jordanians people in the attitudes toward marriage for persons with sensory disabilities due to Gender and Age. Also there are no statistically significant differences between Jordanians people in the attitudes due to Educational level and Existence of a disability in the individual's family).

Trends of youth towards civil marriage (Field study on a sample of students of the Department of Sociology)

The purpose of the research is to identify the trends of university youth towards civil marriage, and to know the extent of the influence of some factors such as education and the presence of civil marriage cases within the large family in the acceptance of young people to the idea of associating a life partner from outside their religion or doctrine. Did legislation in both Christian and Islamic religions hindered this type of marriage? And to what extent does the media play the role in accepting or rejecting the idea? The researcher designed a questionnaire that was applied to a sample of 30 students from the Department of Sociology at Tishreen University. The results of the study show the following: It was found that there is acceptance of the idea of civil marriage by a large part of the sample studied but they prefer and encourage religious marriage, and that the education and study at the university and the social environment play a large role in accepting this type of marriage. It turns out that a large proportion of the sample find that the media plays a large role in accepting the idea of civil marriage, and that religious legislation plays a major role in the alienation of society from this kind of marriage.

The Relationship between early marriage (early onset of sexual activity) and cervical diseases

The research was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Al-Assad university hospital in Lattakia in the period between (1/1/2014) – (30/6/2015). The study included (100) patient, who submitted to colposcopy and Papanicolaou smear to detect the effect of early marriage (early onset of sexual activity) on colposcopic and cellular finding in cervix . The results in (early married women) group (50) patient were compared to control group from patients who (not early married women)group (50) patient. We found that there was important difference in the rate of abnormal colposcopic findings : This rate in early married women was (26%) and in the second was (12%). We also found that there was important difference in the rate of abnormal cellular findings: This rate in early married women was (18%) and in the second was (8%). This assure the effect of early onset of sexual activity (early marriage) on colposcopical and cellular finding in cervix with assuring on the importance of frequent colposcopy and Papanicolaou smear test.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C among individuals undergoing Pre-marital laboratory Tests in Homs city – Syria

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infections was assessed among individuals undergoing Pre-marital Tests in Pre-marital Clinic & Laboratory in Homs city – Syria. Enzyme immunoassay technique was used for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs-Ag) and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (Anti-HCV). Among 20290 subjects, 288 (1.4%) were positive for HBs-Ag, and 24 (0.12%) were positive for Anti-HCV. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C was more common in male subjects (84.4% for Hepatitis B and 75% for Hepatitis C) in comparison to female (15.6% for Hepatitis B and 25% for Hepatitis C).

Impact of the Spread of Modern Means of Communication on the Age of Marriage in the Province of Lattakia

The aim of this study is to introduce modern means of communication (communication and social networking sites), through their impact directly or indirectly on the age of marriage, that is on youths whose ages range between 15 and 45, being the group active in various forms, including marriage. The study also tries to identify the size of the impact of technology on the lives of young people in the age of marriage and its effect on their choices and decisions in relation to marriage at a certain age all of that is to be achieved through: - Knowledge of the extent of use of Internet and social networking site by that category of youth. - Measuring the impact of information technology on the change of customs and traditions in society including Latakia with respect to the decision to marry by the young of particular age. - Tracing the direct impact of the quality of the material presented on the Internet including pornographic films on the studied group. One of the most important findings of the study: - Results of the study show the presence of a statistically significant relationship between the means of communication through the variables gender and place of residence. - Other modern means of communication including multi-cellular connection to the Internet especially social networking sites have a similar impact. The study recommends introducing programs and organizational plans to help youths lead a more balanced life and use the new technology in a positive way.

The attitudes of university students on customary marriages (Field study conducted on students Alppo University-section of Idleb)

Marriage is considered equal right which was built on mutual understanding, cooperation and affection, it is the vital road Tayeb Tahir to maintain the noble sentiments between men and women, and marriage is not a way to physical sensory mixing between men and women, but it is a natural way to holders of common sense to the emotional mixing, psychological gratification and emotional integration, where each of the spouses is considered a dress for another, conceals, protects and warmth him, he says: {are you as you dress to dress them} [Al-Baqarah: 187] Given the feelings of love, which is made between the couple, it strengthen their connection by sharing these feelings, God has created people with love, which is a strong bond between a man and his wife, it is the weapon that helps them making their way in life, and withstanding the rigors of life and its troubles. One of the problems that have invaded our Arab and Islamic communities is the phenomenon of customary marriages (or so-called Al Madani sometimes), but as a result of the intellectual invasion of Islamic societies, illegitimate relations began to spread among young men and women before marriage, under the slogans of false misleading, and under the pretext of love and dating sometimes, and that this way the right to marry output, and this is tainted by a lot of ambiguity and uncertainty for those who looked more closely to what is happening around us, and it finds that the loss of these relationships is huge, and the consequences dire, how many marriages failed and many stumble, because it began with such relations, and did not rely on legitimate laws people are born with.