While there exist scores of natural languages, each with its unique features and idiosyncrasies, they all share a unifying theme: enabling human communication. We may thus reasonably predict that human cognition shapes how these languages evolve and
are used. Assuming that the capacity to process information is roughly constant across human populations, we expect a surprisal--duration trade-off to arise both across and within languages. We analyse this trade-off using a corpus of 600 languages and, after controlling for several potential confounds, we find strong supporting evidence in both settings. Specifically, we find that, on average, phones are produced faster in languages where they are less surprising, and vice versa. Further, we confirm that more surprising phones are longer, on average, in 319 languages out of the 600. We thus conclude that there is strong evidence of a surprisal--duration trade-off in operation, both across and within the world's languages.
Recent work has adopted models of pragmatic reasoning for the generation of informative language in, e.g., image captioning. We propose a simple but highly effective relaxation of fully rational decoding, based on an existing incremental and characte
r-level approach to pragmatically informative neural image captioning. We implement a mixed, fast' and slow', speaker that applies pragmatic reasoning occasionally (only word-initially), while unrolling the language model. In our evaluation, we find that increased informativeness through pragmatic decoding generally lowers quality and, somewhat counter-intuitively, increases repetitiveness in captions. Our mixed speaker, however, achieves a good balance between quality and informativeness.
Industrial activity is one of the pillars of the economic development of any country. It
includes a long and varied series of productive processes that provide a high rate of
economic growth. The importance of foreign trade in development is eviden
ced by
securing the requirements of raw materials, capital goods and the source of currencies,
Therefore, the success of any real development experience requires an effective industrial
sector that has a positive impact on the foreign trade sector and this is reflected in the
transition of the national economy towards achieving important steps in the field of
economic development. The study aimed to find a standard model based on the ECM
model to predict the volume of industrial imports by studying the relationship between
industrial investment and industrial imports. It concluded that this model could be a
scientific basis for the development of economic and social development plans.
Gravity model in trade is the most important factor in analyzing international trade
determinants in bilateral، regional or international trade relationship between countries.
Developing of Syrian external trade requires finding new outlets .For th
at ،this research
discusses the determinants of Syrian international trade with BRICS countries by gravity
model، using panel data for five counties and period from 1980 to 2015.
The research proofed several facts including: the big scale of countries economy increase
trade with BRICS countries، but both of economic and geographic distance between Syria
and BRICS countries decrease scale of Syrian international trade with these countries.
This study aimed to identify the mental image of the brand and the concept and definition of the concept of consumer trends, and aims to analyze the impact of the mental image of the brand on the consumer trends and according to the post-cognitive an
d behavioral. To achieve this, the researcher to identify and study the dimensions of mental image and its impact on consumer trends, through a survey on the brands of sport clothes in Lattakia province, and ensure that the research community on all consumers of sports apparel in Lattakia province will be selected sample based on the standard error of the percentage equation that 95% confidence coefficient In the case that the percentage of search terms a society in which the property is available measurement = 50% shop and return to the statistical tables showing that the appropriate sample size = 384 single and the researcher distributed 520 questionnaires were recovered 500 questionnaires were 480 valid study. The researcher found the presence of a statistically significant effect between the mental image of the brand, according to the post (cognitive - behavioral) and consumer trends toward brands of sport clothes in Lattakia province. The researcher presented through this study, a set of proposals and recommendations that are expected to help brand owners to enhance consumer confidence and business Baalamthm build positive attitudes towards it.
This paper aims at presenting an analysis of the inter-Arab trade
situation in order to assess the role of the implementation of
GAFTA in activating and developing it. Moreover, the research
will attempt to specify some challenges and restrictions
that face
the development of inter-Arab trade in the region.
This research aims to shed light on the reality of professional
accounting education program in technological institutes for
Banking and Financial Sciences in the Syrian Arab Republic,
through the studying the new study plan of the Department of
Accounting at the technological institutes for Banking and Financial
Sciences, which was adopted from the academic year 2016-2017.
The research aims to identify the role that foreign trade plays in the
Syrian economy,
They are an important part of the national economy, and which is
secured need the economy to build production capacity of capital
goods, and through the discha
rge of the flooding of the need for
domestic demand of the product, and therefore the external sector
developments reflect the productive structure of the national
economy, employment and price and income level. . and also the
effects of economic policies.
The researcher has addressed the economic reforms that directly
affect the foreign trade, and then analyzed the structure of the
foreign trade to discover the real economic potentials and the
necessary requirements for the promotion.
This research aims to study the Gat arrangement and how it reflects on and
affects the economies of the undeveloped countries as in the case of Syria. There
might be advantages and disadvantages of Global Trade Organization on the Syrian
economy i
n spite of the fact that this treaty has been signed in a time of increase in
industrial production in the developed countries which aim to sell their products and
increase their profits.
Perhaps, Syria's joining Gat might benefit and help develop its industries,
decrease the cost of production and improve the economy.
The search is focused on the importance of Syrian exports to the national economy،
its role of community development; and improve all economic indicators، and their direct
and basic role; and a high rate of economic growth and increasing foreign ex
change and
trade balance adjustment، reduce unemployment and increase cope positively with the
world economy; and improve other sectors of activation and improved exchange rate and
increase foreign exchange and improve conditions for foreign trade، equity and index of
trade integration and the improvement of quality and increase competitiveness، The
importance of this research is we are in urgent need current، specifically since the start of
the war to Syria since mid- March 2011، to increase foreign exchange and activate
economic sectors especially we're rebuilding. This needs to activate economic cycle and
increase exports، especially industrial and rationalizing imports، particularly of luxury.
This and requires induced economic sector arrangement. We have chosen the agriculture
sector، and the need to go to increase agricultural exports. We'll focus on it in our present
search، hoping to succeed in serving our country to withstand economic backbone and
Foundation of all other types of resilience.
