مفهوم الدولة عند أرسطو (قراءة جديدة في سياسيات أرسطو)

تضمن كتاب السياسة عند أرسطو معظم أفكاره السياسية , فقد بنى فكره و تحليليه على النطاق المحدد لدولة المدينة . و قد وصف المواطن فيها مؤكداً ضرورة إيجاد توازن بين الحرية و السلطة في المدينة الدولة ، و عالج فكرة السيادة في الدولة و اقترب من مبدأ فصل السلطات مع تحليله الواقعي للحكومات القائمة, و توضيحه للقوانين التي تحكم الظواهر السياسية، و تعرضه للثورات كظاهرة عامة يمكن أن تتحقق في أيّ مجتمع و في أيّ نظام سياسي مع ضرورة التفرقة بين الثورة و المشاكل السياسية الصغيرة و الانتفاضات السياسية البسيطة التي تمرّ عَرضاً، و إعطائه مُرشداً لكيفية التغلب على إمكانية قيامها, مع تناوله لاتجاهات الحكومات المختلفة . و تجدر الإشارة إلى أن السياسة النظرية التي صاغتها عبقرية أرسطو مازالت إلى يومنا هذا تعاني من المشكلات نفسها التي عانتها من أول دورٍ من أدوارها.

الرقابة على دستورية القوانين

يعد الدستور في المجتمعات المتحضرة القانون الأسمى، لأنه يحكم عمل هيئات الدولة المختلفة، و ينظم علاقات هذه الهيئات فيما بينها من جهة و بينها و بين المواطنين من جهة أخرى، و من ثم لا يجوز لأية جهة أو هيئة أن تتخذ أي تصرف قانوني خارج إطار الدستور روحاً و نصاً. و هذا ما يستتبع أن تكون هناك وسائل تضمن احترام هذه الهيئات في جميع تصرفاتها القانونية، و إلا وقعت هذه التصرفات باطلة لمخالفتها نص الدستور.

Citizenship and Authority "Having a Duty or Asking for a Right"

Citizenship is identified in terms of a constellation of rights intermingled with social and political duties including the right to vote, enjoying the public liberties related to political practice, and occupying general posts, etc. Such contribution is based on the principle of equality, and acknowledging the full membership of the individual within his community. The citizen, however, is obsessed by elevating the civilization of his homeland, and continuing its history of progress and modernity. Authority is a political and economic concept the existence of which requires the status of human conglomeration. Hypothetically, it should be elected democratically. Its function is to avail multifaceted services in order to guarantee the continuity of society and government, thus, the citizen and the state. Henceforward, authority types basically spring from the variety of services that are supposed to provide to society and citizens. The practical applicability of the principle of citizenship is likely to ensure the strength of states and the availability of the elements of its independent existence, the sovereignty of its authority, its citizens' monitoring of its treasures and wealth, its officials' keenness to keep it progressed and elevated, and their dedication to keep it upright. Accordingly, what is the relationship between rights and duties? What is the relationship of each of them to citizenship and authority?

Constitutional Protection of Procedural Environmental Rights

Generally, the environmental constitutional regulations used by countries vary between objective ones made to legalize the right for a safe environment and procedural ones. This paper focuses on and analyzes the methods that must be used when making decisions related to environmental protection.

The Limits Of Power In Constitutional Law

The power is correlated to the life cycle of every political group, since the membership in any community involves subordination to its authority, i.e. to the power that define a framework for all members of society for their behavior and activities, this framework serves planned social objectives; thus Individuals respect this framework in order to maintain the social association and to prevent it from dissociation and dissolution.The current trend in constitutional jurisprudence is to restrict the power of polity and put suitable limits of it to ensure no arbitrariness from its side, and to prevent it from infringement and prejudice to the rights and freedom of individuals. The concept of sovereignty as it was described by traditional jurisprudence does not mean that power has no limits, since the release of sovereignty is relative.Thus, the power of polity is restricted by the Goal of its existence, which is to protect the natural rights and freedom of individuals. Polity non-interference in these rights and freedom is not enough, as there should be a positive commitment from the polity to protect such rights and freedom within the limits that permitted to all to practicing it.