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مفهوم الدولة عند أرسطو (قراءة جديدة في سياسيات أرسطو)

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 Publication date 2015
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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References used
مقدسي أنطون تطور الفكر العالمي , أملية في المعهد العالي للعلوم السياسية, 1979.
مقدسي أنطون . أملية كتاب سياسات أرسطو, في المعهد العالي للعلوم السياسية, 1978.
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Studies and research about rhetoric have varied concerning the definition of rhetoric, but most of them look at rhetoric from on side only. Rhetoric was classified as being a kind of research concerned with the art of persuasion in its techniques, means and components. But it is certain that the political and social conditions of the greak life, led these philosophical studies and linguistic research especially, rhetoric. This made Aristotle divide rhetoric into three sections. The research delt with two main titles, the first one was Rhetoric according to Aristotle. It combines between mans ability to speak and express on one hand becavse man is a speaker and expressor who naturally looks for persuasion. In his speech, he tries to convince as many people as possible. To do this, he uses many instinctive means. Aristotle was concerned with rhetoric due to its mental and psychological sides. He tried to find a kind of balance between the means of persuasion and means of influence. He made convincing help infuencing. He diffentiated between kinds of proofs, the made proofs and the non made proofs. The other ones were the base of the rhetoric structure for Aristotle. The argumentative linguistic text is different from other texts that it builds an interactive structure based on some means that aim to persuade and affect the recipient.
يقوم كل نسق فلسفي على مجموعة من المفاهيم الرئيسية أو المقولات ولكل فيلسوف طريقته الخاصة في توظيف مقولاته
تعد الدولة قديماً و حديثاً محور الدراسات السياسية من قبل المفكرين في العصور القديمة أو الوسطى أو الحديثة. فدراسة هيغل للدولة أعطتها مفهوماً خاصاً من حيث تركيزه على علاقة الدولة بالشعب و الأفراد، إذ أصبغ على الدولة صفة القداسة، و ادعى أنها تنتمي مباش رة إلى عالم الروح و الفكر و الإرادة " اللانهائي المطلق " برسم أصلها في الواقع و في مجال الفكر الفلسفي إذ أكد على أهمية العاطفة و الإرادة بقوله: "لم يتم شيئ عظيم في العالم من غير عاطفة" و لكن تاريخ العالم يتبع مملكة الروح، فالدولة هي الشكل الذي يصطنعه التجسيم الكامل للروح، و الدولة هي وحدة الإرادة العالمية الجوهرية مع الإرادة الفردية، لقد مجد هيغل الدولة حيث اعتبر أن كل ما للإنسان من قيمة و حقيقة روحية إنما تأتي إليه عن طريق الدولة، فالدولة هي الفكرة المقدسة.
The study of the ethical issue in the Aristotelian attitude and Averroes one is the aim of this research. It also studies and analyzes the point of view of each one of them in three fields which are: • The originality of ethics and its field • Th e virtue theory • Virtues varieties and arrangements According to our dealing with this case, we work on specifying the degree of similarities and differences between the two philosophers. We try to show the Aristotelian moral effect in the Islamic_ Arab intellectual space represented by Averroes whose understanding of Aristotelian ethics in the process of reading and analyzing Plato Republic. In the light of the above, we have the right to ask whether Averroes has an independent ethical theory or he followed the approach of his predecessors, especially Aristotle in his similarity with his ethical issue.
The nature of scientific progress and the rationality of scientific change lie at the centre of Karl Popper’s and Thomas Kuhn’s thought. This paper provides an analysis of the Popper - Kuhn debate over those issues; according to which, Kuhn is por trayed as subjectivist and relativist, while Popper emerges as objectivist and realist. The paper is divided into three parts. Popper’s claims regarding scientific progress and rationality are examined in Part One. It is argued that Popper’s philosophy is inherently value-driven, while defending the objective characteristics of scientific truth. Part Two explores Kuhn’s conception of science, of the rationality of science and scientific progress. Kuhn argued that knowledge is relative only to the accepted paradigm. Part Three is taken up with a comparative discussion of the main issues related to the Kuhn - Popper debate.
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