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Register a new userCitizenship and Authority "Having a Duty or Asking for a Right"
المُوَاطَنَةُ و السُلْطَةُ ((أداءٌ لواجبٍ و استيفاءٌ لحقٍ))
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عبد الله مصطفى سيف الدين( باحث )
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تحدد المواطنة بجملة من الحقوق ترتبط بها واجبات اجتماعية و سياسية. كحق التصويت، و ممارسة الحريات العامة المتعلقة بالمشاركة السياسية، و تولي الوظائف العامة.. و غيره. هذه المشاركة تنطوي أصلاً على مبدأ المساواة، و إقرار العضوية الكاملة للفرد في جماعته. فالمواطن الحق همه نهوض وطنه حضارياً و استمرار مسيرة الرقي و الحضارة في ربوعه، و بجهود أبنائه. أما السلطة فهي مفهوم اجتماعي سياسي و اقتصادي تستدعي وجودها حالة الاجتماع الإنساني، يفترض أن تكون وطنية منتخبة ديمقراطياً، و وظيفتها أن تقدم خدمات متعددة الأوجه في سبيل ضمان استمرار المجتمع و الدولة..، و بالتالي المواطن و الوطن، لذلك فإن أنواع السلطات تنبثق أصلاً عن أنواع الخدمات التي يفترض أن تقدمها في المجتمع و للمواطنين. إن تطبيق مبدأ المواطنة فعلياً، يرجح ضمان قوة الأوطان و توفر عناصر وجودها المستقل و سيادة سلطانها و تحكم مواطنيها بخيراتها و أقدارها و حرص مسؤوليها و حكامها على تقدمها و رقيها، و تفانيهم جميعاً في نهوضها. فما هي العلاقة بين الحقوق و الواجبات؟ و ما علاقة كل منهما بالموطنة و السلطة؟
Citizenship is identified in terms of a constellation of rights intermingled with social and political duties including the right to vote, enjoying the public liberties related to political practice, and occupying general posts, etc. Such contribution is based on the principle of equality, and acknowledging the full membership of the individual within his community. The citizen, however, is obsessed by elevating the civilization of his homeland, and continuing its history of progress and modernity. Authority is a political and economic concept the existence of which requires the status of human conglomeration. Hypothetically, it should be elected democratically. Its function is to avail multifaceted services in order to guarantee the continuity of society and government, thus, the citizen and the state. Henceforward, authority types basically spring from the variety of services that are supposed to provide to society and citizens. The practical applicability of the principle of citizenship is likely to ensure the strength of states and the availability of the elements of its independent existence, the sovereignty of its authority, its citizens' monitoring of its treasures and wealth, its officials' keenness to keep it progressed and elevated, and their dedication to keep it upright. Accordingly, what is the relationship between rights and duties? What is the relationship of each of them to citizenship and authority?
References used
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol.20
(0LIVER,DAWN and HEATER, DEREK, The Foundations of Citizenship. (New York: Harvester Weatsheaf, 1994
(ROBERT, A. DAHL, Democracy And Its Critics. (New Haven, ct: Yale University Press, 1989
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It is almost well known that Franz Kafka has practiced serious
influences on so many Arabic novelists and short story writers, especially
in the sixties and the seventies of last century. Among the most important
and central themes in this writer'
s works is what we call (The authority
and the chased hero). And being one of Kafka's most influential themes
on Arabic novelists, we have chosen it as the topic of this paper. For the
practical study we took, on one side, all Kafka's novels, and on the other,
that is the Arabic novels, we took some of four writers' novels. Those
four writers are: Fadhil al- Azzawi, Jabra I. Jabra, George Salim and
Muhyi Eldeen Zangana.
The study traces the encounter faces between the novels of Kafka
and those of the chosen Arabic novelists.
Citizenship is a relatively modern concept, although it is based on
the foundations and principles on which it is based on an ancient
historical basis. This concept is characterized by its many
dimensions, which were reflected in the public electi
ons and
showed the correlation between both citizenship and public
elections, which in turn were influenced by the principles of
freedom and equality on which citizenship is based, Where the
view of the elections is based on the right and duty at the same
time and this led to the result of the evolution of electoral systems
in many countries of the world in a way that reflects the depth of
citizenship and its impact on the entire electoral process .
Cities form the major urban environment that human beings live and do their various activities, but the
population pressure and the increasing population density in cities led to the expansion of cities either
spontaneously or according to plans re
leased by governments aiming to improve expansion regions to be
new growth centers that positively contribute in supporting cities that suffer from overcrowding,
deterioration of facilities and the lack of spaces suitable for urban expansion. The process of developing
specific classification standards that take into account the privacy of those growth centers, will contribute
to put the proper methods to achieve desired objectives of its establishment in terms of quality and
quantity at all levels and sectors, in particular the residential suburbs due to its important role, adjacency
to cities, urban and social role, and the mutual influence between suburbs and cities.
The aim of this research is to study the most important physical, chemical and
microbial changes in several kinds of infant milk available in local markets. The milk
samples were studied in conditions similar to those used by mothers when they prep
are
infant milk bottles at their houses. The results showed that moisture content increased in all
samples from approximately 1% to 3.2-4.4% after storage for 9 days. Acidity increased
considerably from 0.14% to 0.2%.
The results showed that peroxide value passed the allowable limits (0.25) and
reached about (0.47) in samples stored for 9 days at room temperature. However, the value
for samples stored in the refrigerator ranged between (0.25-0.29). The free acidity number
of fat for all samples specially the refrigerated ones was within the natural limits (<0.5).
Chromatographic analyses showed apparent differences in fatty acid percentages between
the kinds of milk. The rate of lenoleic acid (C 18-2 ) decreased during storage in all samples
and in all conditions.
Soluble nitrogen increased in all samples at the end of storage and the highest value
was 0.49% in Nido milk samples. The solubility of milk samples was checked during
storage and was found to decrease very little ( 1%).
The total count of aerobic bacteria showed that all samples conform to the Syrian
standards (No. 197, 1996) during the first six days of storage, but they passed the upper
limits at the end of storage. However, all samples were free of pathogenic microbes .
This study deals dealing with the social situation of the foreigner
maid at homes.
This phenomena has spread in our Arabic society in general and in
our Syrian community in particular, this matter has been accompanied
with the new demands of the
family.
The society has developed new consuming lifestyle, both individually
and socially.
The members’ needs have been increasing especially in this
economic and social stage of our Syrian society.
Many negative results have been reflected on families and children,
because family is the first basic social institution which is responsible for
a child’s growing up especially at his first three years when his character
is being formed.
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