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Register a new userComparison of Virulence of Some Isolates of the Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode (Heterodera schachtii) in Syria
مقارنة شراسة بعض عزلات نيماتودا حوصلات الشوندر السكري Heterodera schachtii في سورية
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أسما محمد حيدر( باحث )
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في هذه الدراسة تمت مقارنة شراسة ست عزلات من النيماتودا Shmidt Heterodera schachtii تم الحصول عليها من حقول في محافظات (حمص، حماة، إدلب، حلب، دير الزور و الرقة)، و ذلك على نباتات صنف الشوندر السكري Rizor (وحيد الجنين) في تجربة أصص تحت ظروف البيت الزجاجي، حسبت الكثافة النهائية للنيماتودا Pf, و تم حساب معدل التكاثر RF لكل عزلة نيماتودية.
In this study, the virulence of six isolates of nematode Heterodera schachtii Shmidt which had isolated from fields in Syrian Governorates (Homs, Hamah, Idlib, Aleppo, Der-Azzoor and Arraqqa), was compared on sugar beet in a greenhouse pot experiment. Final populations of the nematode were calculated, RF (Reproduction factor) of the nematode were calculated for every isolate.
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Research summary
تتناول هذه الدراسة مقارنة شراسة ست عزلات من نيماتودا حوصلات الشوندر السكري Heterodera schachtii التي تم جمعها من حقول في محافظات سورية مختلفة (حمص، حماة، إدلب، حلب، دير الزور والرقة). أجريت التجارب على نباتات صنف الشوندر السكري Rizor في ظروف البيت الزجاجي. تم حساب الكثافة النهائية للنيماتودا ومعدل التكاثر لكل عزلة. أظهرت النتائج فروقاً معنوية في معدل تكاثر النيماتودا بين العزلات المختلفة، حيث كانت عزلة حمص الأكثر شراسة وحققت أكبر معدل تكاثر (2.62=RF)، تلتها عزلة حماة (1.85=RF)، ثم عزلة إدلب (0.81=RF)، فعزلة حلب (0.46=RF)، بعدها عزلة دير الزور (0.29=RF)، وأخيراً عزلة الرقة التي كانت الأقل شراسة (0.20=RF). تشير النتائج إلى أن العزلات المدروسة تختلف في قدرتها على إصابة نباتات الشوندر السكري والتكاثر عليها، مما يعكس تفاوت الشراسة بين العزلات.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: تعتبر هذه الدراسة مهمة في مجال مكافحة نيماتودا حوصلات الشوندر السكري، حيث تقدم معلومات قيمة حول شراسة العزلات المختلفة في سورية. ومع ذلك، يمكن توجيه بعض النقد البناء للدراسة. أولاً، كان من الأفضل تضمين عدد أكبر من العزلات من مناطق مختلفة لضمان تمثيل أوسع. ثانياً، لم يتم التطرق بشكل كافٍ إلى العوامل البيئية التي قد تؤثر على شراسة النيماتودا، مثل نوع التربة والمناخ المحلي. ثالثاً، كان من الممكن أن تكون الدراسة أكثر شمولية إذا تم تضمين تجارب ميدانية بالإضافة إلى تجارب البيت الزجاجي. وأخيراً، كان من المفيد تقديم توصيات محددة للمزارعين حول كيفية التعامل مع العزلات الأكثر شراسة بناءً على النتائج.
Questions related to the research
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ما هي العزلة الأكثر شراسة من بين العزلات المدروسة؟
العزلة الأكثر شراسة كانت عزلة حمص، حيث حققت أكبر معدل تكاثر (2.62=RF).
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كيف تم حساب معدل التكاثر للنيماتودا في الدراسة؟
تم حساب معدل التكاثر للنيماتودا (RF) من خلال قسمة الكثافة النهائية للنيماتودا (Pf) على الكثافة الابتدائية (Pi).
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ما هي العوامل التي يمكن أن تؤثر على شراسة النيماتودا حسب الدراسة؟
تشير الدراسة إلى أن العوامل البيئية والتاريخ الزراعي للمنطقة يمكن أن تؤثر على شراسة النيماتودا، بالإضافة إلى العوامل الوراثية ووجود أو غياب مورثات الشراسة في كل مجتمع نيماتودي.
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ما هي التوصيات التي قدمتها الدراسة بناءً على النتائج؟
أوصت الدراسة بمتابعة البحث لتحديد الأنماط الوراثية والمورفولوجية للعزلات المدروسة، ودراسة طرق المكافحة الفعالة بناءً على النمط النيماتودي الموجود في كل محافظة ومدى الضرر الذي يحدثه.
References used
BOCKENHOFF, A. and GRUNDLER F. M. W.; 1994- Studies on the nutrient uptake by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii by in situ microinjection of flurescent probes into the feeding structure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Parasitology, 109: 249-254
CIANCIO, A., and MUKERJI, K. G.; 2007- Sustainable methods for management of cyst nematodes. Integrated Managgement and Biocontrol of Vegetable and Grain Crops Nematodes Journal, 2: 221-237
COOKE, D.; 1991- Europe goes green to control beet cyst nematode. British Sugar Beet Review, 59:44–47
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The research was carried out at Agricultural Scientific Research Center of Hama
in tow season 2010/2011. Aiming to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and
planting date on some Productive and Technological characters of sugar beet Mono
g
erm(Simper cultivar) and Multi germ (HM10 cultivar). Results showed an effect of
fertilization on productive and technological characters of sugar beet. Increasing the rate of
nitrogen fertilizer to 250kg N.ha¹ caused a significant increase in root yield and actual
sugar yield (12.88 , 12.15 ton . ha¹) respectively, but it badly affected the sugar content in
the roots, juice polarity and juice purity (14.68, 15.95, 80.45%) respectively. Mono germ
Simper was found significantly superior compared to Multi germ HM10 in root yield, Brix,
root sugar content and juice polarity. Results showed that planting date 1/11 was found
significantly superior compared to dates 1/10, 15/10 for root yield, Brix, juice purity,
actual sugar yield. In conclusion, Simper (Mono germ) was suitable in planting date 1/11 at
nitrogen level of (200-250kg N.ha¹).
The study included the reality of marketing crop sugar beet in Syria in general, and
in al ghabb 's area , in particular, has shown results that the problems and difficulties of
marketing sugar beet back to the non-compliance of farmers date of Agr
iculture
appropriate and space devoted to the cultivation of the crop sugar beet and assessed by the
General Authority to manage and develop Al Ghabb's area, in addition to the failure of the
extension units in turn supply the deadline cards provide timely and sufficient quantities to
farmers as a result of the process control system of favoritism in the distribution of cards
supply extension units.
In addition to the low energy manufacturing to the sugar mill, and its inability to
absorb the quantities produced in excess of the agricultural plan, along with breakdowns
lab frequent result gave the mechanisms used in it, and the need for frequent maintenance,
and low efficiency of some sections of the lab, and the control system favoritism determine
the degree of sweetness, as shown by the results Search also "high production and
marketing costs for sugar beet crop and is higher than its price.
Polymyxa betae is an important vector of many viral diseases and
widespread in Syria. It was necessary to determine the host rang of Syria's
isolate of the P. betae in the local plant species and their role as alternate host to
P. betae, as well a
s its role to transfer the P. betae to sugar beet cv. 186
dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species were collected during the
years 2007 - 2010 from sugar beet fields with a focus on Rhizomania infected
fields regardless the planted crop. 10 dicotyledonous and two
monocotyledonous plant species were positively tested with naturally infection
of Polymyxa spp. In addition, 106 dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant
species kindly provided by the BASF AG (Germany) were tested in soil infected
with Syrian isolate of P. betae only. After microscopic examination only 23
dicotyledonous plants species belong to 10 families were positively tested with
P. betae. This study showed for the first time the infection of Cabbage, Brassica
oleracea and Radish, Raphanus sativus with P. betae. All Weeds were infected
with Syrian isolate of P. betae were able to transfer it to the roots of sugar beet.
Some of weed species which show in Literature that potentially-infected with P.
betae did not infect with Syrian isolate.
It is well established that sugar content of sugar beet increases as the plant
reaches the biological maturity stage. This means that the sugar beet plant
must be left in the field to complete its growth. Farmers are usually concerned
with the hig
hest yield of sugar beet roots regardless of their content of sugar,
but sugar-processing companies are concerned mainly with the amount of
sugar extracted from a certain weight of roots, in addition to the purity of the
sugary juice.
Farmers normally receives the price of their sugar beat crop based on the
sugar content of the crop. Thus, in this type of farming, biological control is a
worldwide-procedure.
Biological maturity depends on ways of yield formation and a close control
of the mechanisms of forming yield components (no. of roots / unit area;
average root weigh; average sugar content) which require a detailed study of
the characters of the grown cultivar and the overall conditions of the growing
area.
Results showed that harvesting of sugar beet sown in fall season befor the
plant completes it’s growing cycle (in June) results in a big yield in addition to a
reduction in sugar content in the roots which inturn results in a big loss in the
national economy.
Results indicated that delaying date of harvest up to ١٨th of July markedly
increased root and sugar yield as well as sugar content in the beet roots.
Increasing nitrogen rate up to ٤٠٠ kg / ha resulted in a marked increase in root
and sugar yield / ha . On the other hand, sucrose content gradually decreased
with excess nitrogen. Higher plant density (more than ١٠٠,٠٠٠ plants /ha)
enforce for late harvesting in comparison with other densities for at least ١٠
days to obtain high yield of roots and sugar.
The research works based on an economic study on sugar beet crop in Syria
during the period (1985 2003), and its prospectives taking into account the
cultivated area, yield and total production in order to know the extent of
cultivation developmen
t and the factors influencing this crop.
Results showed that the area under sugar beet was unstable, which
negatively reflected on the yield and production during the studied period.
However, these changes were not statistically important for the cultivated
area (non-significant regression), while the regression was significant for the
yield and production.
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