We present Hidden-State Optimization (HSO), a gradient-based method for improving the performance of transformer language models at inference time. Similar to dynamic evaluation (Krause et al., 2018), HSO computes the gradient of the log-probability
the language model assigns to an evaluation text, but uses it to update the cached hidden states rather than the model parameters. We test HSO with pretrained Transformer-XL and GPT-2 language models, finding improvement on the WikiText-103 and PG-19 datasets in terms of perplexity, especially when evaluating a model outside of its training distribution. We also demonstrate downstream applicability by showing gains in the recently developed prompt-based few-shot evaluation setting, again with no extra parameters or training data.
Tracking entity states is a natural language processing task assumed to require human annotation. In order to reduce the time and expenses associated with annotation, we introduce a new method to automatically extract entity states, including locatio
n and existence state of entities, following Dalvi et al. (2018) and Tandon et al. (2020). For this purpose, we rely primarily on the semantic representations generated by the state of the art VerbNet parser (Gung, 2020), and extract the entities (event participants) and their states, based on the semantic predicates of the generated VerbNet semantic representation, which is in propositional logic format. For evaluation, we used ProPara (Dalvi et al., 2018), a reading comprehension dataset which is annotated with entity states in each sentence, and tracks those states in paragraphs of natural human-authored procedural texts. Given the presented limitations of the method, the peculiarities of the ProPara dataset annotations, and that our system, Lexis, makes no use of task-specific training data and relies solely on VerbNet, the results are promising, showcasing the value of lexical resources.
Sequence-to-sequence models have delivered impressive results in word formation tasks such as morphological inflection, often learning to model subtle morphophonological details with limited training data. Despite the performance, the opacity of neur
al models makes it difficult to determine whether complex generalizations are learned, or whether a kind of separate rote memorization of each morphophonological process takes place. To investigate whether complex alternations are simply memorized or whether there is some level of generalization across related sound changes in a sequence-to-sequence model, we perform several experiments on Finnish consonant gradation---a complex set of sound changes triggered in some words by certain suffixes. We find that our models often---though not always---encode 17 different consonant gradation processes in a handful of dimensions in the RNN. We also show that by scaling the activations in these dimensions we can control whether consonant gradation occurs and the direction of the gradation.
Understanding narrative text requires capturing characters' motivations, goals, and mental states. This paper proposes an Entity-based Narrative Graph (ENG) to model the internal- states of characters in a story. We explicitly model entities, their i
nteractions and the context in which they appear, and learn rich representations for them. We experiment with different task-adaptive pre-training objectives, in-domain training, and symbolic inference to capture dependencies between different decisions in the output space. We evaluate our model on two narrative understanding tasks: predicting character mental states, and desire fulfillment, and conduct a qualitative analysis.
Abstract Tracking dialogue states to better interpret user goals and feed downstream policy learning is a bottleneck in dialogue management. Common practice has been to treat it as a problem of classifying dialogue content into a set of pre-defined s
lot-value pairs, or generating values for different slots given the dialogue history. Both have limitations on considering dependencies that occur on dialogues, and are lacking of reasoning capabilities. This paper proposes to track dialogue states gradually with reasoning over dialogue turns with the help of the back-end data. Empirical results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of joint belief accuracy for MultiWOZ 2.1, a large-scale human--human dialogue dataset across multiple domains.
This paper deals briefly with the slave trade in Sudan which suffered for a long time
because of the involvement of its local leaders with other Africans and Europeans in this
trade humanity especially during this period. The meaning of slavery fir
st defined and its
types,and position of Islam, which was manifested in the issuance of a number of
judgments based on the book of Allah and Sunnah of his Messenger in order to liberate the
slave and prevent their penetration , explaining the main sources and ways to obtain it, this
study was also investigated in the treatment of slavery and trading them, in addition to the
study examined the role of the Egyption government and the efforts it exerted to combat
this trade and cancel its abolition in the era of Mohamed Ali Pasha and his successors with
the most important effects and consequences.
The messenger of Allah ( peace be upon him ) used different
methods to spread this religion and to convey it to all people
altogether.
One of these methods (ways) is sending messages to kings and
princes to make the invitationto Islam reach ( acc
ess to ) all parts of
the world.
Al-hudaibiya treaty ( reconciliation ) gave a chance ( an
opportunity) to expand (widen ) the range of the invitation to Islam
inside and outside of the Island of kings and the princes took place.
No doubt , the massager of the messenger of Allah (peace be
upon him) to the kings of the neighboring countries are a practical
expression of the internationality ( universality ) of the Islamic
message.
This study is attempting to point out to the difficulties frustrating the
human development in both intellectual and practical fields. To do
this, this study will attempt to explore the main negative reflections
of the IMF recipes in the human alt
ernatives on one hand, and to
discover the main difficulties faced by the practical trends to apply
the human development pattern as aimed by the UNDP.
تتمحور العلاقات الاقتصادية الخارجية حول البحث عن النفع الذي يعود عل مختلف الدول إثر قيام التبادل بينها
شهد العالم منذ منتصف ثمانينات القرن العشرين تحولات سياسية واقتصادية كبيرة على المستوى العالمي شملت مناطق متعددة
