Special Drawing Rights Concept, Reality, Future

The Special Drawing Rights (SDR) is an innovative system made by the International Monetary Fund. It was coined to resolve the problem of the lack of liquidity that faced by the international community in the late sixties of the twentieth century. The system of SDR was executed with the First Amendment to the Agreement of the International Monetary Fund in 1969, although of the International dispute regarding many topics, Such as the enclosure of SDR as a key component inside the international monetary system, the legal nature of SDR, and the size and the role that it should take. Three versions of the SDRs have been produced. The latest and largest one was 161.2 billion units, which is equivalent to 250 billion USD, to be added to the earlier smaller versions. This study addresses the SDR through few points: The first one deals with the concept of SDR and the origin of its inception. The second focuses on its legal nature, and obligations of its users. The third point deals with the mechanism of the allocation of SDR. The fourth addresses the reality of the SDR, and the difference between its system and the system which is based on the dollar. The fifth and last point looks at amending the SDR system, and providing possible scenarios for its future role. ...

التشاور بين صندوق النقد الدولي و منظمة التجارة العالمية: حق أم واجب؟

يعد التشاور بين صندوق النقد الدولي (الصندوق) و منظمة التجارة العالمية (المنظمة) موضوعاً تتفاعل فيه هاتان المؤسستان الدوليتان. و يثير هذا البحث تساؤلاً عن: هل تكون عملية التشاور حقاً لهاتين المؤسستين أم لإحداهما، أم التزاماً مترتباً عليهما أم على إحداهما. و قد عولج الموضوع من خلال بندين رئيسين، تناول أولهما النظام القانوني للتشاور بين الصندوق و المنظمة، إذ حدد الأساس القانوني للتشاور من جهة، و القيمة القانونية له من جهة أخرى. أما البند الثاني فقد عولجت فيه قضيتان عرضتا أمام قضاء المنظمة، انطوتا على مسائل في صميم اختصاص الصندوق، إحداهما (قضية الرسوم على الواردات التي فرضتها الأرجنتين) و أثيرت فيها مشروطية الصندوق، و ثانيتهما (قضية ميزان المدفوعات الهندية) التي أقيمت ضد الهند لفرضها قيوداً كمية بسبب وضع ميزان مدفوعاتها. في كلتا القضيتين كانت فرق تسوية النزاعات مطالبةً بالتشاور مع الصندوق. لكن فرق التسوية اتخذت مواقف مختلفة حيال مسألة التشاور.

The Relationship Between International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization: Are They Complementary or Contradictory?

There are several aspects of the relationship between International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO). Although of the overlapping matters which they concern with, as the IMF concerns with exchange matters, where as the WTO cares to liberalizing of international trade, nevertheless, it seems they are tangled in details. So, it is difficult to separate international trade fromexchange matters. This research deals with the relationship between IMF andWTO through three points: First point responses to the question: what are the legal bases of relationship between IMF and WTO? The second one focuses on differences in scope and exercise of jurisdiction, in order to clarify that the purposes of the WTO and the IMF are complementary, although they are asymmetrical organizations. Third point searches on homogeneous rights and obligations in both organizations, especially as to Articles of WTO’s Agreements which relate to IMF’s jurisdiction, such as exchange restrictions in the GATT and in the GATS. ...

The impasses of human development in the developing countries between the IMF & WB recipes and the UNDP aims

This study is attempting to point out to the difficulties frustrating the human development in both intellectual and practical fields. To do this, this study will attempt to explore the main negative reflections of the IMF recipes in the human alternatives on one hand, and to discover the main difficulties faced by the practical trends to apply the human development pattern as aimed by the UNDP.