Santyana's writings call repeated attention to the ultimate significance which form
possesses for experience in giving meaning and value to our activities. Unless a man is
interested in the characters which things have or might have, he can hardly
be said to live
at all, in any morally significant sense. One strain of Santyana's thought, consists of a
combination of materialism in metaphysics, humanism in morals, and realistic
methodology in the theory of knowledge. These doctrine receive dominate expression in
the works of the middle period, especially in his book (The life of Reason). In this essay
we will try to illustrate Santyana's materialism tendency, especially in the book (The life of
Reason), and we will try to prove that his materialism was not of the myopic sort which
believes that the material existence were the sole reality.
This research discusses a fundamental issue concerning the
controversial relationship between the poet and political subjects on the
one hand and the relationship between the poet and the governordesignate
of the pyramid of authority (the Caliph),
and the possibility of
employing the language to express this relationship through the
possession of the poet to different techniques of language that was able to
disclose the fragility of that relationship offset by the ability of the poet in
the employing and vocabulary in different contexts.
This research aims at studying the different cultural and social
implications used to produce linguistic implications in condolences
discourse in the use of the achievement of sociolinguistics. It looks at the
different ways through which condolen
ces discourse interacted with
society, while studying the changes in language structure in condolences
discourse in response to its social functions regarding the death issue.
This research paper presents a number of attempts in order to clarify the concept of
"surprise and breaking the horizon of expectations" .It also tends to present the mechanism
for applying this concept to the historical text which is not directly
realated to the modern
theories of linguistics. It's very clear that both sides of the concept the theoretical side, and
the partical one in Ziad Bin Abeeh's speech in AL-Basra as an applied model, belong to
two totally different fields of knowledge.
We notice this concept with Ziad Bin Abeeh's at the very first word of his speech,
where he overlooked starting with the Basemla, overriding, Thus, the protocols of
discourse openings , as if he were proceeding a text or a precedent act of speech. At this
particular point, the practical side begins to observe the concept of expectation in speech
based on the data introduced in modern linguistics in reception theory and pragmatics
through the concepts of inference and reasoning , and the act of speech and intentionality,
etc..In addition to that, the textual analysis connects the implications of these concepts
within the linguistic textual structure, and its relation with breaking the horizon of
expectation, and to what extent it affects , the discourse act and its resulting act.
Thus, pragmaticcs, which is the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use
seem to be the best approach to the analysis of Ziad's speech and figuring out its effects
on the recipient.
Pragmatic focused on the study of verbal methods and Semantic effects associated with the Maqama context, pragmatic interest in language is manifested by Focusing on the method of use , linking it to the achievement plan , and its impact on the liste
ner . The research attempts to high light the most important verbal acts used by Ibn Al-Wardi in his maqama. In which he was able to influence the recipient , by specifying the achievement purposes of the various direct and indirect verbal acts . The research found that maqama discourse is a fertile field for practicing pragmatic procedures represented in the theory of verbs acts thanks to its linguistic issues and contextual dimensions .
