While vector-based language representations from pretrained language models have set a new standard for many NLP tasks, there is not yet a complete accounting of their inner workings. In particular, it is not entirely clear what aspects of sentence-l
evel syntax are captured by these representations, nor how (if at all) they are built along the stacked layers of the network. In this paper, we aim to address such questions with a general class of interventional, input perturbation-based analyses of representations from pretrained language models. Importing from computational and cognitive neuroscience the notion of representational invariance, we perform a series of probes designed to test the sensitivity of these representations to several kinds of structure in sentences. Each probe involves swapping words in a sentence and comparing the representations from perturbed sentences against the original. We experiment with three different perturbations: (1) random permutations of n-grams of varying width, to test the scale at which a representation is sensitive to word position; (2) swapping of two spans which do or do not form a syntactic phrase, to test sensitivity to global phrase structure; and (3) swapping of two adjacent words which do or do not break apart a syntactic phrase, to test sensitivity to local phrase structure. Results from these probes collectively suggest that Transformers build sensitivity to larger parts of the sentence along their layers, and that hierarchical phrase structure plays a role in this process. More broadly, our results also indicate that structured input perturbations widens the scope of analyses that can be performed on often-opaque deep learning systems, and can serve as a complement to existing tools (such as supervised linear probes) for interpreting complex black-box models.
Although many end-to-end context-aware neural machine translation models have been proposed to incorporate inter-sentential contexts in translation, these models can be trained only in domains where parallel documents with sentential alignments exist
. We therefore present a simple method to perform context-aware decoding with any pre-trained sentence-level translation model by using a document-level language model. Our context-aware decoder is built upon sentence-level parallel data and target-side document-level monolingual data. From a theoretical viewpoint, our core contribution is the novel representation of contextual information using point-wise mutual information between context and the current sentence. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on English to Russian translation, by evaluating with BLEU and contrastive tests for context-aware translation.
We often use perturbations to regularize neural models. For neural encoder-decoders, previous studies applied the scheduled sampling (Bengio et al., 2015) and adversarial perturbations (Sato et al., 2019) as perturbations but these methods require co
nsiderable computational time. Thus, this study addresses the question of whether these approaches are efficient enough for training time. We compare several perturbations in sequence-to-sequence problems with respect to computational time. Experimental results show that the simple techniques such as word dropout (Gal and Ghahramani, 2016) and random replacement of input tokens achieve comparable (or better) scores to the recently proposed perturbations, even though these simple methods are faster.
The current study aims at revealing the body dysmorphic disorder
and its relation to self-esteem among cosmetic surgery clinic visitors
in the county of Homs in the light of the following independent
variables: sex and age, using the correlative d
escriptive
methodology. For the purpose of achieving the goals of the study,
the researcher applied the body dysmorphic disorder criterion
together with the self-esteem criterion to a sample of 200 visitors to
the cosmetic surgery clinics.
The study aimed to identify the nature of the relationship between
the psychosomatic disorders and their relationship to psychological
security in a sample of adolescents who visited the Syrian Arab Red
Crescent clinics in Damascus Governorate, an
d also to identify the
differences between the average scores of the sample on the scales
of psychosomatic disorders and psychological security according to
gender variable.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin-A
(BTX-A) therapy compared with Transcutaneous Electric Nerve
Stimulation(TENS) in treatment against temporomandibular disorders
clinically study
Twenty patients with temporoma
ndibular disorder symptoms and signs
were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly assigned into two
groups. Patients in group 1 were injected with 20 IU BTX-A in the
masseter and temporal muscle in both sides , whereas patients in group 2
were treated with (TENS),the electrodes were applied on masseter and
temporal muscle in both sides, time of stimulation abut 30s ,3perweek
for 4 week.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of NTI-TSS splint (Tension suppression
system- Inhibition trigeminal nociceptive) in the treatment of TMD (temporomandibular
Disorder ) by using the EMG Electromyography. Fifteen patients have TMD were
selected
for this study. They were examined according to special examination form.
EMG examinations for the masseter musclses before and after treatment by NTI
splint for eight weeks every night were collected and anylysed.The results showed that :
Turns increased from 375.3 to 423.18 left side and 358.7 to 408.87 right side, also
amptiludes increased from 136.88 to 176.66 the right side, and 136.24 to 164.9 on the left
side.
It can be concluded that splint was effective in relieving symptoms and signs of
TMD, and it found that NTI is comfortable splint , and easy to use by a Doctor and
patient.
تعرف الجمعية الأميركية السكري بأنه مجموعة من الاضطرابات الاستقلابية تتميز بفرط غلوكوز الدم نتيجة نقص في افراز الانسولين او مقاومة عمله او كليهما معا
The co morbidity of substance dependence and psychiatric
disorders is common. This co morbidity complicates the diagnosis and
treatment of both types of disorders and causes a lot of complications and
bad consequences. There is a great deal of co
morbidity between substance
abuse, including alcohol, and other psychiatric disorders such as mood
disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and personality
disorders.
The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of each substance
dependence and its co morbidity with other psychiatric disorders because
this co morbidity has many significant psychiatric and social problems.
This study aims to know how far and severe the children's
behavioural and emotional disorders in Orphanages have gone according
to changes resulting from gender, age, year of residence, death of a parent
or both of them from the viewpoint of their
own superintendents.
The sample includes 270 children, 178 males and 92 females from
Damascus, Homs and Aleppo. The tool used in this study is a scale of 54
phrases divided into six items all dealing with children's behavioural and
emotional disorder.
