We present new results for the problem of sequence metaphor labeling, using the recently developed Visibility Embeddings. We show that concatenating such embeddings to the input of a BiLSTM obtains consistent and significant improvements at almost no cost, and we present further improved results when visibility embeddings are combined with BERT.
Hate speech detection is an actively growing field of research with a variety of recently proposed approaches that allowed to push the state-of-the-art results. One of the challenges of such automated approaches -- namely recent deep learning models
-- is a risk of false positives (i.e., false accusations), which may lead to over-blocking or removal of harmless social media content in applications with little moderator intervention. We evaluate deep learning models both under in-domain and cross-domain hate speech detection conditions, and introduce an SVM approach that allows to significantly improve the state-of-the-art results when combined with the deep learning models through a simple majority-voting ensemble. The improvement is mainly due to a reduction of the false positive rate.
Metaphor is an indispensable part of human cognition and everyday communication. Much research has been conducted elucidating metaphor processing in the mind/brain and the role it plays in communication. in recent years, metaphor processing systems h
ave benefited greatly from these studies, as well as the rapid advances in deep learning for natural language processing (NLP). This paper provides a comprehensive review and discussion of recent developments in automated metaphor processing, in light of the findings about metaphor in the mind, language, and communication, and from the perspective of downstream NLP tasks.
We study the usefulness of hateful metaphorsas features for the identification of the type and target of hate speech in Dutch Facebook comments. For this purpose, all hateful metaphors in the Dutch LiLaH corpus were annotated and interpreted in line
with Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Critical Metaphor Analysis. We provide SVM and BERT/RoBERTa results, and investigate the effect of different metaphor information encoding methods on hate speech type and target detection accuracy. The results of the conducted experiments show that hateful metaphor features improve model performance for the both tasks. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the effectiveness of hateful metaphors as an information source for hatespeech classification is investigated.
This research tackled the attitude of interpretation towards the issue of metaphor,
especially the French philosopher's view Paul Ricuor. It also dealt with the nature of
metaphor as suggested by him via critiquing the attitude in which he finds a
mere aesthetic
and substitutive ornament from the one hand, while taking it as innovative means to touch
reality on the other hand. Consequently, it is a cognitive value with the aim of contacting
the outside world and getting to know it then the research proceeded to discuss the
intellectual basics of metaphor according to Ricuor. He noticed that there is no way to
understand the nature of metaphor without understanding its basics. This has made it
possible to handle the knowledgeable and innovative function of metaphor be it the present
side always in language; that which never fades. So, it was not possible to handle metaphor
inside language without wondering how thinking works. Here Ricuor differentiates
between living and consumed metaphor on the basis of the ability of innovation and
knowledge provided by each one of them. Additionally, he has stated that metaphor is
there inside interpretation as it is through it. Such a presence of metaphor inside the field of
interpretation is the reason why one can tackle this polysemy. This polysemy results in this
on the one hand and in its openness on the world of human act; work and practice on the
other hand. This way, metaphor in interpretation is presented as a future language. The
research has ended up with a bunch of results through questioning the concept of metaphor
in a philosophic interpretative way.
The study that we present represents an important work in Western thought. We ask about the contemporary interpretation of French philosopher
Paul Ricoeur in the twentieth century. He worked hard to build a unique philosophical style that criticized and discussed all theories and methodsof
interpretation, phenomenology, existentialism, Marxism, Freudianism, Nietzscheism, Theories of reading, linguistic analysis, anthropology,
theories of culture, psychology, etc. In this way, Paul Ricoeur, in his discussion of the concept of will and kidney, discovers the true meaning of evil
symbolism by addressing many concepts and ideas that have to do with evil. From here comes the interpretation and narrowly meditate on the
language of recognition of error, which reveals the possibility and difficulty of philosophical interpretation of the symbols of sign, stigmatization
and reprimand that were associated with the great legends that tell how evil entered into humanity: such as the myths of cosmology, tragedy,
Humanity and morphology, and then led to the approach of thought The understanding is not a pattern of behavior, but rather a pattern of the self
itself in its axiom of the demonstrative, structural, and interpretative ones. It is not a pattern of behavior, but rather a pattern of existence on
Heidegger and Gadamer's path, His conflicts in the conflict between different interpretations. The structural andsemiological analysis model has
also helped to expand the text's arguments, since the text is a linguistic medium that carries the author's mind to the reader, and all that Paul Ricoeur
has done is determined by the expansion of the various theories into his important discovery, considering that the symbol calls for thought and
pluralism. The suspicion or philosophers of doubt Karl Marx, Nietzsche and Freud, but thinking about the mysteries of the symbol led him to think
of metaphor as a metaphor, or a rhetorical image of the name that emerged clearly in the history of long rhetoric in what Paul Ricoeur defined in
his book "theory of interpretation", which starts with the sophists, And shows Aristotle and Cicero and Totalitarian, until it is crucial to the critics of
the nineteenth century. This has led to the interest of linguistic, structural and existential theories ... to say that there are two modes of interpretation,
an interpretation that emphasizes the mythological nature and the interpretation that confronts archeology. Not only did Paul Ricoeur reflect on the
rhetorical side, the mythological character and the linguistic analysis only; he tried to discuss the question of truth and lies, Agustin, Greek
philosophy, utopian theories, and various doctrines to that the kidney, which conceal the meaning of lies and want to reach the truth, and Paul
Ricoeur interested in the concept of ideology by discussing the works of Karl Mannheim, Karl Marx and Louis Althusser discovering this
relationship between idea representation and practice.
The research deals with the aesthetics of the artistic image in the
prose text of the Umayyad period and how did it add more poetry to
prose;
This is because of the large number of images analogous and
metaphorical and canonical.
