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Register a new userEffect of Summer Pruning on Fruit Calcium Concentration and Physiological Disorders in Apple Cultivers Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious
تأثير التقليم الصيفي في تركيز الكالسيوم و في الإصابة بالأمراض الفيزيولوجية في ثمار صنفي التفاح Golden Delicious و Starking Delicious
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عماد العيسى( باحث )
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لقد تم في هذا البحث دراسة مدى تأثير موعدين للتقليم الصيفي في منتصف شهر حزيران و منتصف شهر تموز مقارنة مع التقليم الشتوي الدوري العادي في شهر شباط، و ذلك في محتوى الثمار من الكالسيوم و مدى ظهور بعض الأمراض الفيزيولوجية في أثناء التخزين، و على الإنتاجية و نوعية الثمار. و قد تمت التجارب على أشجار تفاح بعمر 8 سنوات للصنف Starking Delicious و الصنف Golden Delicious اللذين يعدان من الأصناف الحساسة لنقص عنصر الكالسيوم و مدى إصابتهما ، بالنقرة المرة Bitter Pit التي تصيب ثمار التفاح و تسبب خسائر قد تكون كبيرة أحيانًا. أدى التقليم الصيفي في شهر حزيران إلى زيادة محتوى الثمار من الكالسيوم و في درجة تلونها، و من ثم قلل من إصابة الثمار بالنقرة المرة، و من نسبة فقد الثمار لوزنها في أثناء التخزين، دون أن يؤثر ذلك في إنتاج الأشجار. و على ضوء النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها في هذا البحث نتيجة تأثير التقليم الصيفي لأشجار التفاح ننصح مزارعي التفاح بإجراء التقليم الصيفي لماله من تأثير إيجابي في تحسين حالة الأشجار و تحقيق التوازن بين النمو الخضري و الثمري و الحد من ظاهرة المعاومة من جهة، و تحسين نوعية الثمار و قدرتها على التخزين من خلال مقاومتها لبعض الأمراض الفيزيولوجية التي قد تصيب الثمار في أثناء تخزينها من جهة أخرى.
In this research, we have studied the effects of some summer pruning at the mid June and Juli, in addition to the common periodical winter pruning during February. Both studies were done to evaluate calcium concentration of fruits, quality and yield the apearance of physiological disorders during the storage and fruits. Experiments were conducted on 8 year apple trees of Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious, which are sensiitve to laek of calcium and as a result caused bitter-pit as an important physiological disorder on apple fruits. Summer pruning of apple trees at mid june increases their content of calcium and their colors, also decreases physiological disorder, weight loss during storage, without affecting the annual yield of trees. Accorrding to the attained results, we recommend the farmers of apple trees to follow summer pruning, because of its benefits on improving the condition of trees and achieving the balance between vegetative and generative growth, and reduced the alternate Summer pruning. Also improve the quality of fruits, their storability and their resistance for some physiological disorders during storage.
References used
Cooks, G. W. 1971. The effect of calcium and other minerals on incidence of bitter pit in cox orange apple. N.Z.J. Agric. Res., 5: 202-309
Dallacqua, G. 1994. The contol of bitter pit, mineral deficiencies, apple trees. Terra Trentina, 40(1) p. 34-38
Dodds, K. A., L. J. Penrose, H. Nicol, and C. C. Bower 1994. The importance of pest and disease damage as a cause of commercial downgrading of apple fruit. Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture. 34(3)p. 431-434
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The study was conducted at the Horticulture Department, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Damascus, during the season of 2002 and 2003, in
order to study the effect of dipping apple fruits for the tow apple sorts for 5
minutes with some chemic
al substances, α-Tocopherol (0.25%) and
Prohexadion-Calcium (1%).
The fruits were stored at AlMaze cold storage unit under the normal
storage condition (0-1ºC, 93% R.H.), to find out some effects of these
treatments on some physical, chemical, and physiological changes of treated
and untreated apple fruits, especially: fruit weight, firmness, starch, and
soluble solids content.
Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in storage ability of
both fruit apple samples in case of dipped fruits in Procalcium solution 1%
compared with control fruits. The tocopherol treated fruits were sometimes
significant.
The results showed a reduction in fruit weight in case of treated sample
during cold storage time. Fruit firmness was significantly better in both
treatments of procalcium 1% and tocopherol 0.25%compared with control,
and reducing physiological disorders during cold storage period.
The study was performed in Barshin Research Station- General
Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research on the trees age of
13 in grafted with Golden Delicious Cultivar on three rootstocks
(seedless rootstock Malus domestica, vegetative strong
rootstock
MM109, and MM111 half strong rootstock) over the years
(2014.2015 ).The study focused on growth vigor (the stem
circumference above the grafted area ,crown size - the rate of
shoots length and productivity).
The study was performed over the years (2014٬2015) in Barshin
Research Station- General Commission for Scientific Agriculture
Research on the trees age of 15 in grafted with Golden Delicious
Cultivar on two rootstocks, strong: seeds ( Malus domest
ica) and half
strong (vegetative Malling-Merton "MM111"). The study focused on the
effect of the original on the concentration of each of the elements (N-P)
in the leaves and branches of the Golden delicious Cultivar grafted on
those rootstocks.
This study was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research center In Sweida -
GCSAR to study the effect of potassium sulfate and organic manure on some of soil
characteristic in addition to tree growth vigor and fruit traits of Starking del
icious apple
cultivar. The results revealed significant effect in reducing the (pH) of the soil in the three
treatments; potassium sulfate fertilization, organic manure fertilization and application of
potassium sulfate and organic manure together which were (6.608), (6.708) and (6.558),
respectively, in the comparison with the control (6.768). In addition, significant differences
were shown in the (EC) between the former treatments (0.1532 ds / m), (0.1692 ds / m) and
(0.0937 ds / m) compared to the control (0.2217 ds / m). Concerning growth vigor and fuit
traits, the results showed a significant increase in the average of shoot length in the
previous treatments (66.43, 77.33 and 71.37 cm, respectively), compared to the control
(59.37 cm), while showed a significant increase in leaf area in organic manure treatment
and potassium sulfate with organic manure together (35.54 and 37.21 cm 2, respectively),
compared to the control (30.54 cm 2). The results of analysis of variance in fruit firmness
showed higher significant variation of potassium treatment (8.477 kg / cm 2) than the
other treatments which, also revealed significant increase of total soluble solids
(16.82%,15.2% and15.37%,respectively) compared to the control (14.23%), and a
significant increase in total sugars and in percentage of treatable acidity. Consequently, the
result showed that the addition of soil fertilizers treatment contributed to improve some of
soil characters, tree growth vigor and some of the quantitative and qualitative traits of
apple fruits.
The study was carried out in apple orchard and at the laboratories of Agricultural
Scientific Research Center, and Pome and Grapevine Division in Sweida (GCSAR),
Syria, during the growing seasons of 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of organic
res
idues, and boron and zinc addition on some soil characters, fruit set ratio and
some fruits qualitative traits in Starking delicious apple cultivar in Sweida.
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