Much recent work in NLP has documented dataset artifacts, bias, and spurious correlations between input features and output labels. However, how to tell which features have spurious'' instead of legitimate correlations is typically left unspecified.
In this work we argue that for complex language understanding tasks, all simple feature correlations are spurious, and we formalize this notion into a class of problems which we call competency problems. For example, the word amazing'' on its own should not give information about a sentiment label independent of the context in which it appears, which could include negation, metaphor, sarcasm, etc. We theoretically analyze the difficulty of creating data for competency problems when human bias is taken into account, showing that realistic datasets will increasingly deviate from competency problems as dataset size increases. This analysis gives us a simple statistical test for dataset artifacts, which we use to show more subtle biases than were described in prior work, including demonstrating that models are inappropriately affected by these less extreme biases. Our theoretical treatment of this problem also allows us to analyze proposed solutions, such as making local edits to dataset instances, and to give recommendations for future data collection and model design efforts that target competency problems.
In this research I studied structural concepts , and how to move into the Arabic
cultural field. I defined these concepts, and the most important people who founded it and
contributed to its construction as a structural approach . Then I traced the
ways that
brought it to the modern Arabic criticism .And the role of competency in the process of
vulnerability and influence. Perhaps the practical steps I have taken has made the structural
approach take its obvious features in our Arabic criticism. This research is presented in
detail by the structural critic Kamal Abu Dib , through his structural applications. And
because it is impossible to take note of all structural aspects that resembled the archipelago
to look up from the top, I tried to study structuralism as a way of thinking and literary
criticism. In particular ,structuralism seeks to discover the relationship between the literary
system ( the text ) and the culture , that the text part of it.
The aim of this research is to identify the degree of the educational
supervisors' practice of their roles according to their professional
competencies from the point of view of key stage one teachers in
basic education. In order to achieve the ai
m of the research, the
descriptive method was used. A random sample was drawn from
the key stage one teachers in basic education in Homs. The sample
number was (255) teachers. The researcher prepared a
questionnaire consisting of (37) statements divided into three fields
And applied to the sample.
This study aimed to evaluate the training programs that implemented by ministry of Administrative Development in Syria, and their relation with competencies levels through the study of trainee’s points of views. this study was conducted using the fou
r components of training program (trainer, trainee, environment and place of training, material of training) and the relation with the levels of competencies (knowledge, experience, skills, behavioral style). The study also included the relation of sex, age, the years of experience and educational qualification categories with training program.
Introduction:The nurse manager role and how it is carried out in healthcare
organizations has been an important topic which had emphasized by many international
organizations and institutions during the past two decades. Thus, this role had impact
on
nursing staff, other healthcare providers, patients and on healthcare environment as whole.
To carry out her duties, nurse manager needs to build up and improve her personal skills
and leadership competencies continuously. This by depending on international competency
standards which developed by international organizations and institutions to be the basic to
assess and improve nurse managers competency. Depending on these standards, this study
was conducted and aimed to assess nurse managers' competency in implementing
international competency standards in Al- Assad university hospital and Al- Wattany
hospital at Lattakia.
Thestudy was conducted on Al- Assad university and Al- Wattany hospitals at
Lattakia. Whereas, The study sample consisted of 21 nurse managers , and 80 nurses from
two hospitals. The main results ofthis study was that there was agreement between nurses
'viewpoints and nurse managers' viewpoint in both hospitals on nurse managers'
implementation of international competencies standards.