Pushing the Right Buttons: Adversarial Evaluation of Quality Estimation

Current Machine Translation (MT) systems achieve very good results on a growing variety of language pairs and datasets. However, they are known to produce fluent translation outputs that can contain important meaning errors, thus undermining their reliability in practice. Quality Estimation (QE) is the task of automatically assessing the performance of MT systems at test time. Thus, in order to be useful, QE systems should be able to detect such errors. However, this ability is yet to be tested in the current evaluation practices, where QE systems are assessed only in terms of their correlation with human judgements. In this work, we bridge this gap by proposing a general methodology for adversarial testing of QE for MT. First, we show that despite a high correlation with human judgements achieved by the recent SOTA, certain types of meaning errors are still problematic for QE to detect. Second, we show that on average, the ability of a given model to discriminate between meaning-preserving and meaning-altering perturbations is predictive of its overall performance, thus potentially allowing for comparing QE systems without relying on manual quality annotation.

Improving Embedding-based Large-scale Retrieval via Label Enhancement

Current embedding-based large-scale retrieval models are trained with 0-1 hard label that indicates whether a query is relevant to a document, ignoring rich information of the relevance degree. This paper proposes to improve embedding-based retrieval from the perspective of better characterizing the query-document relevance degree by introducing label enhancement (LE) for the first time. To generate label distribution in the retrieval scenario, we design a novel and effective supervised LE method that incorporates prior knowledge from dynamic term weighting methods into contextual embeddings. Our method significantly outperforms four competitive existing retrieval models and its counterparts equipped with two alternative LE techniques by training models with the generated label distribution as auxiliary supervision information. The superiority can be easily observed on English and Chinese large-scale retrieval tasks under both standard and cold-start settings.

Bayesian Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning with Matrix-Valued Kernels for Quality Estimation

Most current quality estimation (QE) models for machine translation are trained and evaluated in a fully supervised setting requiring significant quantities of labelled training data. However, obtaining labelled data can be both expensive and time-consuming. In addition, the test data that a deployed QE model would be exposed to may differ from its training data in significant ways. In particular, training samples are often labelled by one or a small set of annotators, whose perceptions of translation quality and needs may differ substantially from those of end-users, who will employ predictions in practice. Thus, it is desirable to be able to adapt QE models efficiently to new user data with limited supervision data. To address these challenges, we propose a Bayesian meta-learning approach for adapting QE models to the needs and preferences of each user with limited supervision. To enhance performance, we further propose an extension to a state-of-the-art Bayesian meta-learning approach which utilizes a matrix-valued kernel for Bayesian meta-learning of quality estimation. Experiments on data with varying number of users and language characteristics demonstrates that the proposed Bayesian meta-learning approach delivers improved predictive performance in both limited and full supervision settings.

An analytical Study of the standard of Syrian Citizen's living (Reality & Prospects during the period from 2010 up to 2019)

The search deals with an analytical Study of the Standard of living of the Syrian Citizens. First, the Research aims to study the Standard of living for the period before the war on Syria which extended between years 2000-2010. Then it deals with the living standard after year 2011 through the study of several indications such as: cost of living, income distribution, family budget and analysis the reasons that led to the deterioration of the standard of living either those relating to the circumstances of war as the loss the government of the most important of financial resources represents in the petroleum Wells, or those related to the exchange rate. The research also aims to analyze and evaluation of the Government measures to face the deterioration from two points of view; one believes the success of the government giving its supports, other believes the fail of the government giving its supports too. Also, the Search aims to study the social reflection of the low standard of living related to increase of crime rates or the low level of education. Finally, the study provided a set of proposals that help in improving the standard of living, some of them are related to the mechanism of meeting the needs of the Syrian citizen from the basic provisions, while others related to the mechanism of managing the monetary market and exchange. The Search depended upon the Statistical analysis systematic in the study. The Study reached to set of results the most of connected to the low of the actual monetary income with about 88% and the low of living level by which 85% of people under the level of poverty and this due to several reasons some of which related the Exchange rate and others related the government failure to control the prices.

SYMBOL IN THE CNSCIOUNESS CURRENT STORIES ANEESA ABBOUD AND GHADA ALSAMMAN

The plurality of symbols forms in consciousness current story and their repetition form the most important goals that the research seek through to keep up with thoughts movement and their pandemonium deep inside the human mind

Influence of welding parameters on the thermal cycle of plasma arc welding

In this research, a study of the influence of arc welding parameters on the thermal cycle was conducted, where the thermal cycle within the welded plate of stainless steel 304L by plasma arc welding (PAW) with weld-on-plate was measured using thermocouples for several welding parameters (intensity of the welding current, welding velocity, flow rate of plasma gas) and comparing the influence of this parameters on the thermal cycle within the plate.

Electro-organic synthesis of Azo- Schiff derivatives from para-nitro aniline and Benzaldehide derivatives

In this work the electrochemical behavior of Para-nitro aniline and metoxy benzealdehyde was studied by cyclic voltammetric method on glassy carbon electrode in alkaline medium . It was found that the Para- nitro aniline needed five electrons to reduce to the azo group.

Realization and Design of Laboratory prototype system for direct current power transmission

High Voltage Direct Current systems have been used for transporting electrical energy for very long distances, at high voltages (100- 1000 kv). On utilize thyristorized or transistorized power converters, one converter is working as rectifier at sending side, and the other is working as inverter at receiving side. Back to Back Converters are used also where the rectifier and inverter are at the same station, transmission line has hundreds of meters as long. In our model we used non controlled three phase rectifier as sending station and controlled three phase bridge as receiving station (Graitze).

The influence of the pressing events on families during the current crises in Syrian and the emergence of neuroticism between high school students in Homs

The present study aimed at revealing The influence of the pressing events on families during the current crises in Syrian and the emergence of neuroticism between a high school students in Homs . The sample of study consists of 200 students . The researcher has used the following tools: The test of present events on families during the current crises in Syrian, and the scale of neuroticism from the junior Eysenck personality.

Study the effect of pulsed current on hardened tool steel operation by using the electric discharge machining (EDM)

This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effects of machining parameters such as pulsed current on material removal rate, diameteral overcut, electrode wear and surface roughness in electric discharge machining of En-31 tool steel (IS designation: T105 Cr 1 Mn 60) hardened and tempered to 55HRc. The work material was ED machined with copper, copper tungsten, brass and aluminum electrodes by varying the pulsed current at reverse polarity.