Surface Form Competition: Why the Highest Probability Answer Isn't Always Right

Large language models have shown promising results in zero-shot settings. For example, they can perform multiple choice tasks simply by conditioning on a question and selecting the answer with the highest probability. However, ranking by string probability can be problematic due to surface form competition---wherein different surface forms compete for probability mass, even if they represent the same underlying concept in a given context, e.g. computer'' and PC.'' Since probability mass is finite, this lowers the probability of the correct answer, due to competition from other strings that are valid answers (but not one of the multiple choice options). We introduce Domain Conditional Pointwise Mutual Information, an alternative scoring function that directly compensates for surface form competition by simply reweighing each option according to its a priori likelihood within the context of a specific task. It achieves consistent gains in zero-shot performance over both calibrated and uncalibrated scoring functions on all GPT-2 and GPT-3 models on a variety of multiple choice datasets.

An Error Analysis Framework for Shallow Surface Realization

Abstract The metrics standardly used to evaluate Natural Language Generation (NLG) models, such as BLEU or METEOR, fail to provide information on which linguistic factors impact performance. Focusing on Surface Realization (SR), the task of converting an unordered dependency tree into a well-formed sentence, we propose a framework for error analysis which permits identifying which features of the input affect the models' results. This framework consists of two main components: (i) correlation analyses between a wide range of syntactic metrics and standard performance metrics and (ii) a set of techniques to automatically identify syntactic constructs that often co-occur with low performance scores. We demonstrate the advantages of our framework by performing error analysis on the results of 174 system runs submitted to the Multilingual SR shared tasks; we show that dependency edge accuracy correlate with automatic metrics thereby providing a more interpretable basis for evaluation; and we suggest ways in which our framework could be used to improve models and data. The framework is available in the form of a toolkit which can be used both by campaign organizers to provide detailed, linguistically interpretable feedback on the state of the art in multilingual SR, and by individual researchers to improve models and datasets.1

THE IMPACT OF BOUNDARY LAYER SUCTION ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE FOR SMALL WIND TURBINE

This study treat the effect of the Suction method as a way of the boundary layer controlling in order to avoid or at least delay the boundary layer separation and to explain the effectiveness of this method in improving the aerodynamic performance of the Airfoils of the studied wind turbine blade and thus the possibility of obtaining better electrical output of the wind turbine, that is performance improving of wind turbines and obtains a better design.

Studying the absorption of light rays by using some of Zinc alloys

In this research we have studied the absorbance of some zinc alloys. These alloys were manufactured in the local market, and these alloys can be used as absorber plate in the manufacture of solar collectors. We conducted this study in the laboratory, first (using tow light sources, 100W and 30 W), and Second in the external medium using direct solar radiation. Our research provides important information that could be used in improving the efficiency of solar collectors using absorbent surfaces that has a higher absorbency. We have also studied the relationship between the absorbance and the atomic number of the studied alloys. This study showed that the absorbed energy by these metals increase with their atomic laboratory number Z.

Building And Evaluating Digital Elevation Models (Dem) Byusing Geographic Information System

This research aimed for using Geographic Information System (GIS) in producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Dimas District, By applying various methods: Spatial Analyst, Geo Statistical Analyst, Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), and interpolating DEM from contour lines. The study showed that the best methods for interpolating DEM is Kriging method, Which interpolated an evaluated surface for scattered points which had (Z values) whether they were closed or scattered from each other. And (TIN) method which required less area on hard disc to be stored comparing with other methods, and it's perfect for representing surfaces in wide areas, Also generating DEM from contour lines produced DEM which had very accurate representing for surfaces.

Design and characterization of parabolic acoustic dish

Usually, a reflector dish with a loudspeaker or a microphone placed at its focal point is used in directed acoustic systems to determine the direction in which the acoustic wave is transmitted or received, in addition to improve the gain in the acoustic transmission or reception. As the parabolic reflector dish with an oval aperture has significant advantages, and there is no relationship between parameters of this dish and some variables that have direct influence on acoustical emission or reception of this dish, this work is intended to find this relationship, and this is achieved by carrying out a theoretical and experimental study to find the optimum utilization of this dish in directed acoustic systems.

Comparative study of the epidermal structure of species from three subfamilies of Poaceae

Five species of Poaceae were collected: Briza minor L., Briza maxima L., Setaria viridis (L.) P.B., Setaria verticillata (L.) P.B., and Eleusine indica Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. which recorded for the first time in the Flora of Syria. Peels from adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were prepared and stained with the safranin . The results showed a clearly differences in these sides: existence or absence of the epidermal elements, their shapes and their measurements among the species from one side, and between adaxial and abaxial leaf surface for the same one from the other side.

Green Roof’s Systems: The Experiences in Western Cities and the Possible Implernentation in the Syrian Cities

The availability of appropriately sized green spaces within cities has become a necessity. Persistent urban expansion together with the aggravating problems of environmental, visual and noise pollution are behind this. If planning policies ignore allocating adequate green regions, modern cities will even turn into a concrete jungle after decades of expansion. The thing, which results in a very high rate of carbon and very high temperature exceeding the limits. Green roofs emerge as the most suitable, the least expensive and technically the easiest solution to adapt green spaces because of the extremely expensive cost of redistributing or enlarging green spaces inside cities. This research inspects the concept of green roofs tackling its applications and various benefits, the environmental, economic, social and aesthetic ones. The research case studies some green roofs’ implementations in western cities on both public and private buildings. At the end, the research derives some propositions possible to apply to the Syrian cities under the surrounding conditions.

Effect Of Different Finishing and Polishing Procedures on Surface of Composite Restorations

The aim of the study is to evaluate the surface roughness of the resin Tetric N Ceram (Ivoclarvivadent ) after different finishing and polishing techniques. 50 specimens of (10×2) mm were made and distributed in 5 groups (N=10), According to the technique employed: First group G1: Tengustinecarbid burs, Second group G2: Astopol system, Third group G3: Stem discs, Fourth group G4: Tengustinecarbid burs then Astropol system, Fifth group G5: Tengustinecarbid burs then Stem discs. A coarse roughness diamond bur was applied , then applied a super fine diamond bur on all specimens of the study before starting any procedure of finishing and polishing. After finishing and polishing techniques, surface roughness )Ra μm( was measured using InfiniteFocus– Alicona. Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at 5% significance level.

Failunion after distal radius Fractures (Fonctional disorders)

The intraarticular fracture of distal end of radius have bad returns more than extra articular fractures whereform the range of motion in flexion and extension, radial variance and ulnar variance of the joint. Shortness of the radius and the direction of articular surface of the radius should be corrected. The integrity of radial articular surface play an important rule in determining results. Displacement of the articular surface more than 1 mm cause an obstinate pain and synarthrophysis thereafter. More than 92% of the patients with disalignment of articular surfaces with space more than 2 mm end with arthrosis in the radial carpal joint. Through examening patients with union with shortness of radius more than 2 mm, we notices recuction of the wrist range of motion ) flextion-extention- pronation -supination) more than patients without shortness. Also we couldnt find sufficient statitics about the pain during motion.