شThe current study aimed to find the effect of implementing the Science Education Development Program (SEED) on the fourth grade students’ Learning of the Classification Unit. The study followed the quasi-experimental design and used
quantitative and qualitative instruments to analyse the research data.The quantitative instrument was an achievement test, made of (27) items which measure the impact of the program on the fourth graders’ achievement
The research aimed to identify the degree of employing
constructivist teaching methods by classroom teachers in the first cycle
of basic education, and to know the differences among the research
sample individuals in the degree of employing these
methods
according to the variables of (educational qualification, and years of
experience). The sample of the research consisted of (288) teachers in
the first cycle of basic education in Damascus state schools. The
sample was selected using the simple random way, and the
questionnaire of employing constructivist teaching methods (prepared
by the researcher) was applied to them after it was verified for its
validity and reliability.
The study was carried out to show the effect of the clay characteristics:
specific surface area (Ss), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the assemblage
of clay particles on the soil water content. The effect of hydric stress history
(wetting and
drying cycles) on the water content of soil was also investigated.
Soil samples comprising topsoil horizons and subsoil horizons, with a clay
content > 30% were collected in several regions of France and Syria (2009 -
2012) in cooperation with the National Center for Scientific Research and the
University of Orléans in France to study the effect of physical characteristics on
the fertility status of the soil. The water retention properties were studied from
(0.01) bar to (15) bar water potential using small clods collected in winter when
swelling is at a maximum and water content close to field capacity. The clay
content, the bulk density of horizon and clods, the cation exchange capacity and
the specific surface area were measured. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used
for identification of the main mineralogical phase, and to study the relationship
between the clay mineralogy and the water retention. Results showed that the
variation of the soil water content was explained by the differences of clay
content and the clay fabric (assemblage of clay particles). The results also
showed that wetting and drying cycles were the most important and critical
factor for soil water retention properties relative to the other evaluated factors.
The last few decades have witnessed a substantial development in the study of
International Relations. Many new theories and approaches have become part of the
current debate within international relations. One of these new approaches is
Construct
ivism which many scholars believe constitutes a bridge between the
positivist theories and the post-positivist theories. This study seeks to examine the
basic assumptions of Constructivism and its contribution to the study of
international relations
تتعرض هذه الدراسة إلى ظاهرة النظام الاجتماعي و أهميتها، و طبيعة هذا النظام
و إدراك خصائصه، و عوامل ثبوته أو تبديله و تغيره من خلال فهم النظريات الاجتماعية
المعاصرة و خاصة البنائية الوظيفية باعتبارها من أهم المدارس التي أولت ظاهرة النظام
أهمية خاصة
، ثم نتعرف في النهاية ما قدمه النقد السوسيولوجي المعاصر لمشكلة النظام
باتجاهاته المختلفة.
