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The external indebtedness of the Arab countries, its causes and consequences, and ways to confront it

المديونية الخارجية للدول العربية أسبابها ونتائجها وسبل مواجهتها

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 Publication date 2023
  fields Economy
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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Indebtedness is considered one of the most important problems facing Arab countries, due to its negative dimensions on the process of economic development in these countries and its threat to the stability of their financial system. which prompted these countries to borrow, which constituted a huge burden on the borrowing Arab countries in paying the installments agreed upon by the creditor and the interest arising from these loans, and of course, these burdens that are paid are at the expense of the basic services provided by these countries to their citizens, which It leaves negative effects on social and political conditions, in addition to stifling economic growth rates. This research aims to shed light on the factors that played an important role in exacerbating the external indebtedness crisis of Arab countries, and to identify ways that can mitigate the impact of external indebtedness at the local level. Arab and international

References used
Ajam, Maytham & Dr. Saud, Ali, The External Indebtedness Trap of Developing Countries, Causes and Strategies, Al Kindi House for Distribution and Publishing, Jordan, 2006
Dr. Bantiya, Talal, External Indebtedness and its Impact on the Economies of Developing Countries, Journal of Social and Human Sciences, University of Batna, Issue 11, December 2004, Jordan
DEBT SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ARAB REGION, United Nation Development programme, 2020
Mr. Dr. Yunus, Adnan Hussein, External Finance and Economic Reform Policies, Dar Al-Manhaj for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 201
Unified Arab Economic Report, Arab Monetary Fund, United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, for the years 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022
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Several principles are taken into account in the preparation of the general budget, some of them is to respect the organization of the general budget so as to ensure the right of the people and their representatives to be aware of it and monitor it s implementation in an easy way, and also to respect the time duration, the general budget needs to be prepared. The respect for these principles allow giving the legislative authority a greater control of the executive authority activity in the finance field. It also reflects the desire to give the resolution and the clarity to the document of general budget in order to reflect clearly the financial situation of the state. With the development of the concept of the state, its role, and the general budget, many countries have begun to abandon the commitment to these principles. Actually, this was not to give up entirely but it was limited in most cases to adopt a more flexible application of the principles referred to. Thus, the implementation of these principles and the adherence to them has become the subject of a significant difference between the public finance scholars. Therefore , some bodies criticize it, and others defend it, and present their arguments. The most important principles are: the principle of inclusiveness and unity. The principle of unity aims at preparing one document for the state budget, and represent its external frame. The principle of inclusiveness aims at filling this frame through a detailed registry of each estimation of the expenses and revenues without the offset between them, and therefore, it represents the internal content of the principle of unity. We chose this topic because of the close link between them and the importance of observance, as well as most countries commit to them. The study aimed at defining these principles, their justifications, and discussing the link between them, criticism, the exceptions, as well as the fundamental differences between them, and the research results.
The different types of tax revenues are considered the most important types of public revenues, particularly in developing countries. Given this, the proportion of tax revenues make up the biggest amount of public revenues, and this is observed in the budgets of the Syrian Arab Republic. The evolution of the size of public revenues, especially tax revenues compared with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), shows the state's ability to finance its growing public expenditure. It also shows the ability of the state in developing countries to redirect part of cash surpluses to finance investments that help to establish the infrastructure, and this applies to Syria. Therefore, it is necessary for us to study the evolution of tax revenues in Syria because of its importance and its role in the economic development process. This study is based on the cut accounts of the state budget, not on the expected budgets in order to obtain accurate results from the process of the evolution of taxation of different types, compared with the GDP in Syria, which is also reflected on Syria's tax energy and its evolution and impact on tax evasion. This study proves that economic reforms reflected on the financial policies and their tools in Syria during the study period show a development in taxes as a result of a decrease in tax evasion and an increase in tax energy.

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