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The concept of self in modern and contemporary philosophy

مفهوم النفس في الفلسفة الحديثة و المعاصرة

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 Publication date 2018
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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This research tries to examine the concept of self within the framework of modern philosophy and contemporary philosophy, in an attempt to highlight the role of this concept in the formation of most of the philosophical doctrines from the Greek era to the contemporary philosophy, through modern philosophy. In this research, we will attempt to study the formation of this concept in the framework of modern and contemporary philosophy, to show the philosophers' interest in this concept and the extent to which the concept is linked to the clarify their own philosophy. Therefore, the research attempts to provide a follow-up reading of the concept of self in a comparative historical context, in which we demonstrate that this concept is still alive in contemporary philosophy, albeit with different names, such as reason, mind or feeling. We will conclude from this the importance of the concept of self in the philosophical context, which still occupies an important space in the thinking of modern and contemporary philosophers. Here we will try to ask several questions, including what is the dualism of the soul and body. How can the soul be a logical synthesis, an emanated mind, or a subjective feeling? In this research, we will try to answer these questions and other questions that will appear in the context of the research.


Artificial intelligence review:
Research summary
يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم النفس في الفلسفة الحديثة والمعاصرة، حيث يسعى لتوضيح دور هذا المفهوم في تشكيل أغلب المذاهب الفلسفية منذ العصور اليونانية وحتى الفلسفة المعاصرة. يبدأ البحث بدراسة مفهوم النفس عند أفلاطون وأرسطو، حيث يعتبر أفلاطون النفس جوهرًا غير مادي مستقل عن الجسد، بينما يرى أرسطو أن النفس هي صورة الجسم الحي ومبدأ حياته. ينتقل البحث بعد ذلك إلى الفلسفة الحديثة، مسلطًا الضوء على ديكارت الذي يعتبر النفس جوهرًا مفكرًا مستقلًا عن الجسد، وسبينوزا الذي يرى أن النفس والجسم هما شيء واحد، وهيوم الذي ينكر وجود النفس كجوهر مستقل. في الفلسفة المعاصرة، يتناول البحث وجهات نظر وليم جيمس الذي يربط بين النفس والشعور الذاتي، وصمويل ألكسندر الذي يرى أن النفس هي نتيجة انبثاق متطور من العمليات العصبية، وبرتراند رسل الذي يعتبر النفس والمادة تركيبات منطقية مستمدة من المعطيات الحسية. يخلص البحث إلى أن مفهوم النفس لا يزال يحتل مكانة هامة في الفلسفة المعاصرة، وإن ظهر بمسميات مختلفة مثل العقل أو الشعور.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: يقدم البحث دراسة شاملة ومفصلة لمفهوم النفس في الفلسفة الحديثة والمعاصرة، ولكنه يفتقر إلى التركيز على بعض الفلاسفة الذين كان لهم تأثير كبير في تطوير هذا المفهوم. كما أن البحث يعتمد بشكل كبير على تحليل النصوص الفلسفية دون تقديم رؤى جديدة أو نقدية. كان من الممكن أن يكون البحث أكثر ثراءً إذا تم تضمين مقارنات بين الفلاسفة المختلفين وتوضيح كيف أن تطور مفهوم النفس يعكس التغيرات الثقافية والاجتماعية عبر العصور. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن أن يكون هناك توضيح أكبر لكيفية تأثير هذه المفاهيم الفلسفية على العلوم النفسية الحديثة.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هو مفهوم النفس عند أفلاطون؟

    يعتبر أفلاطون النفس جوهرًا غير مادي مستقل عن الجسد، ويقسمها إلى ثلاثة أقسام تتوافق مع تقسيمه للدولة: النفس العاقلة وفضيلتها الحكمة، النفس الغاضبة وفضيلتها الشجاعة، والنفس الشهوانية وفضيلتها العفة.

  2. كيف يختلف مفهوم النفس عند أرسطو عن أفلاطون؟

    يرى أرسطو أن النفس هي صورة الجسم الحي ومبدأ حياته، وهي لا يمكن أن تمارس وظائفها بدون الجسد، بينما يعتبر أفلاطون النفس جوهرًا غير مادي مستقل عن الجسد.

  3. ما هو موقف ديكارت من النفس والجسد؟

    يعتبر ديكارت النفس جوهرًا مفكرًا مستقلًا عن الجسد، ويرى أن الجسم مجرد مادة أو جوهر ممتد، وأن التفكير هو خاصية النفس وحدها.

  4. كيف يفسر وليم جيمس العلاقة بين النفس والجسد؟

    يربط وليم جيمس بين النفس والشعور الذاتي، ويرى أن النفس ليست جوهرًا مستقلًا بل هي حالة شعورية دائمة التدفق والتغير، ويعتبر أن الإدراك الحسي والفكر هما عمليتان متبادلتان تؤديان إلى وحدة النفس.


References used
إبراهيم، زكريا: دراسات في الفلسفة المعاصرة، دار مصر للطباعة، مصر، د.ت.
أرسطو: كتاب النفس، ترجمة أحمد الأهواني، دار قباء، ط2 , 2015م.
أفلاطون : فيدون، ترجمة عزت قرني، دار قباء، القاهرة، ط3, 2002م.
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