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الري الحديث في القطر العربي السوري
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عدنان النحاس( باحث )
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بدأ استخدام الري الحديث كمبادرات فردية ثم بدأت الحكومة بالاهتمام به و بإدخال التقنيات الحديثة و تشجيع المزارعين على امتلاكها و استخدامها من خلال البرنامج الوطني للانتقال إلى الري الحديث الذي بدأ بشكل فعال 2006 ، و الذي يهدف إلى تحويل كامل المناطق المروية من الري السطحي إلى الري الحديث خلال عشر سنوات قادمة. و قد قامت الحكومة بإصدار عدة قرارات لتسهيل عملية الانتقال و تذليل العقبات الإدارية و المادية التي تواجه تطبيق هذا البرنامج.
Using modern irrigation started as individual initiatives, then the government supported the introduction of these techniques through the national programme for transferring to modern irrigation that started late 2000. This programme set up to convert all irrigated area, where possible, from traditional methods to modern irrigation systems during 10 years period. The government has issued several decisions for facilitating transfer process and ironing out the financial and administrative constraints facing the implementation of this programme.
References used
سلامة، د. معن، 2006 - رفع كفاءة استخدام المياه في الزراعة. مشروع تيمبوس، منشورات كلية الهندسة المدنية، مديرية الكتب والمطبوعات، جامعة البعث، 318 صفحة.
عطية، قصي، "أزمة المياه بين سورية ودول الجوار وانعكاساتها على التنمية الاقتصادية في سورية" أطروحة أعدت لنيل درجة الماجستير في العلاقات الدولية. جامعة تشرين كلية الاقتصاد، قسم . العلاقات الدولية، 2003
صومي، د. جورج؛ د. معن داود، 2004 استخدامات الموارد المائية في الجمهورية العربية السورية. وزارة الزراعة والإصلاح الزراعي- الهيئة العامة للبحوث العلمية الزراعية – إدارة بحوث الموارد المائية – دمشق.
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The research was conducted at Al- Hassaka province during the 2010 - 2011
season to study socio-economic factors and other factors affecting the decision
of wheat farmers to adopt the technology of modern irrigation and to identify
the barriers th
at limit the adoption of these techniques. Correlation and binary
logistic regression was applied for data analysis.
The results showed that 77.78% of the total farmers studied were using
modern irrigation to irrigate their wheat crops and the rest were using
traditional irrigation and this percentage is expected to increase from 77.78%
in 2010 to 95% in 2025 with an annual rate of nearly 1.15%. Sprinkler
irrigation adopted by larger percentage (63.33%) of farmers who adopted
modern irrigation techniques and followed by the developed surface irrigation
on lines (11.11%). It was observed that the high cost of the network played a
fundamental role in the lack of 42.55% of farmers to adopt modern irrigations
Statistical analysis showed that there was an inverse significant relationship
between each of independent variables (percentage of farming labor force to
total family labor force, farmer's experience) and the dependant variable
adoption of modern irrigation techniques but there was a positive significant
relationship between adoption of modern irrigation and other independent
variables such as, cereals yield, farmers education level and direction of the
farmer towards the agricultural extension.
This paper aims at analyzing and studying the phenomenon of
melancholy (sadness) in modern Arabic poetry since it is a feature that, unlike in ancient Arabic poetry, we can come across in most modern poetic writings. The paper distinguishes between
the sadness of an ordinary man and that of a creative writer who shows a special sensitivity and can turn his sadness into something creative and can express it in his writings. In this study, the researcher refers to the most eminent critical points of view that dealt with the phenomenon of melancholy in modern Arabic poetry. For example, Dr. Ezzuddeen Ismail’s philosophy and opinion in this respect are referred to especially that he links and compares between Arab poets and their European counterparts concerning the subject of expressing sadness in their poetry. Likewise, Dr. Ismail refers to the affinity between sadness in Arabic poetry and some prose writings that became known in the Arab culture due to the connection with the Western culture. The paper discusses these points of view and concludes, through analysis of poetic examples, that there are two reasons for expressing sadness in poetry: First, personal reasons that the poet has due to an illness, a poverty, or expatriation. Second, national reasons that have to do with the status and condition of the Arab Nation in modern times especially the political, social, and economic trouble and crises.
We can not understand the nature of philosophical Presence in the
modern Arab thought in isolation from the historical conditions that
framed it, that was represented in the imperialistic phenomenon with it's
historical and intellectual needs, bes
ides the constancy of failed economic
and social conditions Arab conditions, and the domination of the
theological vision as a directed and specific vision for thoughtful dealing
with nature and history.
This paper discusses the poetic patterns and psychological which are
conveyed by imagery in modern Poetry Divan in Yemen, and which
Poets used to direct their meaning.
Images in poets divans varied between simile, sensational images and
metaphori
cal prosopopoeia, embodiment, "symbolism" the images that
displays poet mentality.
The psychological functions achieved by rhetorical uses create a
bridge of understanding with audience. They show a gap in the relation
between the images and psychological denotations, and they carry a
plenty of contemporary significance in their symbols, these pictures will
remain in the interior constructing context which came from undulation
of the psychological movement whether these images were sensational,
mental or symbolic. So employing the psychological rhetoric and is
denotation by the poets is confined to articulation only, but exceeds to the
inspirations & psychological undulation which addresses the conscience,
therefore the poets did not use certain rhetoric pattern or type of images
move a the others, but they widened the use of rhetoric so as to able to
deal with reality in all its facts and forms, and explain their attitudes and
feeling towards this reality.
إن معدلات النمو السكاني في سورية من المعدلات المرتفعة في العالم، إذ وصلت إلى ٣٣بألف في
الفترة ١٩٦٠-١٩٧٠ ، و إلى ٣,٣٣ بالألف في الفترة ١٩٧٠-١٩٨١ ، و بقيت محافظة على مستواها
السابق في الفترة ١٩٨١-١٩٩٧ ، و تختلف معدلات النمو السكاني بين محافظة و أخرى
داخل القطر،
كذلك تختلف هذه المعدلات بين الريف و الحضر. و تعد معدلات المواليد في سـورية مـن أعلـى
المعدلات في العالم حيث تقدر الآن بـ ٣٩ بالألف سنوياً، أما معدلات الوفيات فتعد من المعـدلات
المنخفضة قياساً إلى البلدان النامية و حنى قياساً إلى العالمـ إذ بلغت ٦,٦بالألف في عام ١٩٩١ كما
بلغت معدلات وفيات الرضع ٣٣بالألف.
هذا و إن أحد الأسباب التي أدت إلى ارتفاع معدلات النمو السكاني في الفترة الماضية هو انخفـاض
معدلات الوفيات مع بقاء المواليد عالية نتيجة للتقدم الحاصل على الأصعدة كافة التعليمية و الخدمية
و الصحية و الغذائية، و كذلك القضاء بصورة نهائية على الأوبئة مما انعكس إيجابياً علـى تحسـين
صحة المواطنين و ارتفاع العمر المتوقع عند الولادة. و يمكن القول: إن أثر التنمية الاقتصادية كـان
واضحاً في معدلات النمو السكاني في القطر العربي السوري، و من ثَم انعكسـت هـذه المعـدلات
المرتفعة للنمو السكاني على بعض المتغيرات الاجتماعية من خلال زيادة نفقات الدولة على التعليم
و الصحة و الخدمات التي تزداد مع ازدياد السكان.
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