The general rule of responsibility in modern legislation is that every
fault causes harm to others, oblige the perpetrator to make
reparation. But the absolute application of this rule will cause
reluctance of the judge's decision dictated by his
conscience and
will lead to the judge's preoccupation with his main work, which is
the separation of disputes, to defend himself in the cases that may
be raised by the opponents. However, the litigants can not be held
accountable for their impartiality and their proper application of the
law. Therefore, the legislator has given the litigants the right to hold
the judge accountable through a case of dissent.
In the present time, political parties play a fundamental and
significant role in the process of building a democratic system, as
they have a vital role in education and democracy, and they act as a
bridge that connects the community with the poli
tical system .The
body of political parties has become one of the practical and
institutional guarantees for democratic practices through its
contribution to development and political modernization, activating
the political participation process, guiding the public opinion and
following the government's work, and here emerges the significant
role that could be played by the new Syrian political parties Law
issued by legislative Decree No.(100) for the year 2011, in
reinforcing the foundations of democratic political life in Syria,
extending the horizon of political participation and making the way
for a real party and political pluralism that can be demonstrated in
the ballot boxes.
Played by the new Syrian political parties Law issued by legislative
Decree No. (100) for the year 2011, in reinforcing the foundations
of democratic political life in Syria, extending the horizon of
political participation and making the way for a real party and
political pluralism that can be demonstrated in the ballot boxes.
The process of devolution of power is one of the fundamental
pillars of the establishment of systems of governance, through
peaceful democratic mechanisms which are reflected in the terms
of trade, of free elections based on multi-party.
In order
to achieve the democratic process for power trading by the
Syrian legislature instituted radical reforms in the system of
government manifested in the (2012 constitution and electoral law
No. 5 of 2014 and the Political Parties Law No. 100 of 2011).
This research tried to highlight the role of these reforms by
clarifying the extent of the impact of the electoral system and the
party on the devolution of power process and the role of the new
Syrian political parties in this process.
Lebanon is characterized through history by political freedom and over vitality , and diversity of forces , parties and organizations which alters from extreme right into extreme left . All that made political status in Lebanon a unique one compared
to other status in the Arab surrounding , from the view point of exclusivity coming out of parliamentary circumstances , sectarian diversity , increasing approaches towards moderation of political forces which were legalized in the form of parties throughout specific historical stages .
Each sectarian entity has its party or parties , which is fortified by its sect facing the other party and the state sometimes . Sect limits the sect and party against a party .
This research approaches , profoundly , the historical development of the parties phenomenon in Lebanon and stages of its emergence during the basic periods through which Lebanon have passed since the Ottoman epoch till the period of French occupation and then the period are discussed , in addition to the most important features of the partisan experience in Lebanon . The research came to that political regime has its great effect on parties , as each political regime originates parties which comply with its form . Political regime in Lebanon as it is considered a regime of individuals , families and sects , and the traditional feudal and financial system , it originated a parties system which is similar to it , very close to the sectarian texture of the Lebanon society , from the view point of consecutive election laws , or the law of societies and parties , and the law of administrative decentralization , and all do not contribute to the expansion of the parties work area , but on the contrary this leads to the generation and regeneration of traditional forces to the disadvantage of modern state institutions and parties are of them .
Political fragmentation is unable to monopolize privileges and it bears seeds of imparity to its maximum limit, so that it transforms the mission of parties from organizing and controlling society's disputes and it pushes towards extreme imparity , and it confines political life in the sphere of instability and conflict.
Political parties are of the most important political organizations which affect directly the movement of political system and guarantee its and stability and continuousness .They play an important role in activating political life . And they became
an essential aspect of democratic systems . Performance of parties has it reflections positively or negatively on the quality of political life and on the level of democratic development and political modernization and activity of political system which is considered a reflection of the parties system that is dominant in the state . Political parties have an important role in making public policy and framing it as they are channels of political partnership of citizens, and organized political communication in society . Policy scientists consider them the strong organized basis for the connection of summit and base and a communication station which is necessary between citizens and authority .This study is an attempt to acknowledge public society which is a difficult and complex political process . The nature and procedures of its shaping differ from a state to another according to political system and the role of government and non-government entities and political parties are of them . The research deals with the role of political parties in shaping the public policy of the state , planning , execution and evaluation , by looking at their role in planning the public policy of the state mainly throughout their presence and representation in the legislative authority. And also by highlighting the role of parties in implementation of public policy throughout sharing in the executive authority and the volume of this partnership. And also knowing the role of parties in the process of evaluation of public policy, because actual, active and objective evaluation is the basis of the success of public policy in achieving its goals .The study finds out that parties can plan , implement and evaluate public policy, if they reach authority and in consequence they shall apply their programs via laws which they enact in (Legislative authority) or by implementation of laws in (Executive authority – Government)or by their presence in opposition and here they may use many methods and ways to exert pressure on and affect authority.
The international contracts of technology transfer are considered to be one of the
most important agreements for the undeveloped countries for many reasons, firstly
through these contracts the undeveloped countries could fill the gap between them
and developed countries technically, ofcourse if they did well, secondly these
contracts can also help the undeveloped countries to attain the growing levels which
enable them to achieve prosperity and welfare for their citizens, still, those contracts
arouse suspicions and they can lead to several lawful issues- yet I tried concentrating
on preparing stage which precedes making an agreement and the responsibility of
parties, for that what motivates me for that is the absence of lawful texts which
regulate this phase inspite of its important. through this research I have tried to
enlight some legal aspects about the contract negotiations, the preparing agreement
other issues following the comparable approach thereby. ...
Most of the electronic money that has been developed so far to meet certain
functions and say that they replaced the money traditional is wrong despite huge
advances in the forms of electronic payment but the money still have traditional
keep its
place special handling, especially in large deals that need to be degree
significant protection.
Therefore we can say that there is a significant shift in the monetary sphere is
happening today in the world, despite the recent this transformation but it could be
argued that the accelerations shall that have occurred in the area of the digital
revolution has opened the way for radical shift in the pattern of trade and
international exchange in line with globalization, which is dominated on all branches
of activities, especially in areas relating to how the exchange of goods and settlement
of obligations...
