Formal semantics in the Montagovian tradition provides precise meaning characterisations, but usually without a formal theory of the pragmatics of contextual parameters and their sensitivity to background knowledge. Meanwhile, formal pragmatic theori
es make explicit predictions about meaning in context, but generally without a well-defined compositional semantics. We propose a combined framework for the semantic and pragmatic interpretation of sentences in the face of probabilistic knowledge. We do so by (1) extending a Montagovian interpretation scheme to generate a distribution over possible meanings, and (2) generating a posterior for this distribution using a variant of the Rational Speech Act (RSA) models, but generalised to arbitrary propositions. These aspects of our framework are tied together by evaluating entailment under probabilistic uncertainty. We apply our model to anaphora resolution and show that it provides expected biases under suitable assumptions about the distributions of lexical and world-knowledge. Further, we observe that the model's output is robust to variations in its parameters within reasonable ranges.
This research paper presents a number of attempts in order to clarify the concept of
"surprise and breaking the horizon of expectations" .It also tends to present the mechanism
for applying this concept to the historical text which is not directly
realated to the modern
theories of linguistics. It's very clear that both sides of the concept the theoretical side, and
the partical one in Ziad Bin Abeeh's speech in AL-Basra as an applied model, belong to
two totally different fields of knowledge.
We notice this concept with Ziad Bin Abeeh's at the very first word of his speech,
where he overlooked starting with the Basemla, overriding, Thus, the protocols of
discourse openings , as if he were proceeding a text or a precedent act of speech. At this
particular point, the practical side begins to observe the concept of expectation in speech
based on the data introduced in modern linguistics in reception theory and pragmatics
through the concepts of inference and reasoning , and the act of speech and intentionality,
etc..In addition to that, the textual analysis connects the implications of these concepts
within the linguistic textual structure, and its relation with breaking the horizon of
expectation, and to what extent it affects , the discourse act and its resulting act.
Thus, pragmaticcs, which is the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use
seem to be the best approach to the analysis of Ziad's speech and figuring out its effects
on the recipient.
The Quranic text, through being a divine message, formed a messaging structure according to communication rules so it talked and contacted the other and got a great deal of study and analysis. So scientists and researchers, veterans and contemporary,
studied all the phenomena in this valuable book.
The more we study the Quranic text from different side, the more uncovered faces we find. For example, the phenomenon of communication was opened to the situations of people and everything related to their permanent renewal and development, taking persuasion in a way to attract people towards Islam.
The Quran came to underscore his relationship with the Creator and itself and other people. It's a message addressed to all humanity, depends in which to address the mind in the process of persuasion, offering a living language suitable for all ages, has an effective role in persuading others, essentially forwarded to influence the views of the addressee, swaying the mind according to a specific linguistic strategy based on the employment of language within renewed structure linked ideologue and the receiver within a social and psychological context with the purpose of influencing the recipient.
The Quranic Text tells stories for facing reality and does not decide the truth, but to change void, which is the supreme goal of communication where speaker tries to effect the other and makes him convinced with the new offer and gets the answer to influence the other new party, therefore forces the argument relying on stories of the prophets and messengers who were sent to previous nations. Hence the importance of research rises as one of the scientific subjects that connects to the clearest book in the world, which is Quran. The connection is elevated to be informed of the most important linguistic science as a whole . As well as investigating the phenomena in the Quran and trying to detect underneath by evidence based on modern scientific theories, you are searching through a science of foundations and different control rules all through Quran. I have chosen Informative & Communicative Tenors in the story of Meriam as a subject of study because it's a new research in Contemporary Arab Studies in theoretical part and limitations of empirical studies in the field of Quran analysis.
The study aims at discussing how cultural and pragmastylistic
factors influence translating Surat An-Nās of The Glorious Qur`an into
English. Four different translations are taken as a sample for the study.
The paper seeks to show how these aspect
s constitute the main source of
translation difficulties between Arabic and English.
