Natural language relies on a finite lexicon to express an unbounded set of emerging ideas. One result of this tension is the formation of new compositions, such that existing linguistic units can be combined with emerging items into novel expressions
. We develop a framework that exploits the cognitive mechanisms of chaining and multimodal knowledge to predict emergent compositional expressions through time. We present the syntactic frame extension model (SFEM) that draws on the theory of chaining and knowledge from percept'', concept'', and language'' to infer how verbs extend their frames to form new compositions with existing and novel nouns. We evaluate SFEM rigorously on the 1) modalities of knowledge and 2) categorization models of chaining, in a syntactically parsed English corpus over the past 150 years. We show that multimodal SFEM predicts newly emerged verb syntax and arguments substantially better than competing models using purely linguistic or unimodal knowledge. We find support for an exemplar view of chaining as opposed to a prototype view and reveal how the joint approach of multimodal chaining may be fundamental to the creation of literal and figurative language uses including metaphor and metonymy.
Sub-word segmentation is currently a standard tool for training neural machine translation (MT) systems and other NLP tasks. The goal is to split words (both in the source and target languages) into smaller units which then constitute the input and o
utput vocabularies of the MT system. The aim of reducing the size of the input and output vocabularies is to increase the generalization capabilities of the translation model, enabling the system to translate and generate infrequent and new (unseen) words at inference time by combining previously seen sub-word units. Ideally, we would expect the created units to have some linguistic meaning, so that words are created in a compositional way. However, the most popular word-splitting method, Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), which originates from the data compression literature, does not include explicit criteria to favor linguistic splittings nor to find the optimal sub-word granularity for the given training data. In this paper, we propose a statistically motivated extension of the BPE algorithm and an effective convergence criterion that avoids the costly experimentation cycle needed to select the best sub-word vocabulary size. Experimental results with morphologically rich languages show that our model achieves nearly-optimal BLEU scores and produces morphologically better word segmentations, which allows to outperform BPE's generalization in the translation of sentences containing new words, as shown via human evaluation.
Our goal in this paper is to study the inverse Galois Problem and
its relation with complete embedding problem. We construct a field
such that every complete finite split embedding problem has a
complete solution.
The aim of this research was to identify to which extent did farmers
in Tal Kalakh had benefited from activities and services carried out
by extension units in the studied area. Also, the relationship
between the extent of benefits and some person
al and vocational
characteristics of farmers have been identified.
In order to achieve the objective of this study, a 60 farmers were
randomly selected and face to face interviewed by the researcher in
the studied area. The collection of data lasted for 3.5 months, started
01. 01. 2016 and ended in 15. 11. 2016.
The philosophy of Agricultural Extension applications change and
evolve constantly for developing the agricultural process forward.
the field schools successes in some Arab countries, provide an
evidence of this trend.
Farmer Field School is a tr
aining program that lasts for the entire
season and the training activities continue for the various stages of
the development of the crop as well as for various control activities.
It offers FFSs alternative to the conventional method of agricultural
extension which enable farmers to learn and understand the
principles and foundations of the course of agricultural operations. .
that leads to increase their knowledge and abilities to develop their
skills to bring the best practices for management and maintenance
of agricultural resources and increase their returns.
The general objective of this research was to identify the effect of
some personal traits of farmers on their adoption behavior of
Extension Recommendations related to Potato crop in Al-Quasir
region in Homs Province. Farmer traits were farmers ol
d, farmers
education, family size, farm size, etc.
The study aimed to identify the relationships between Farmers and agricultural
extension units in Lattakia and Tartus governorates, the sample included 342 Farmers live
in the work scope of 48 agricultural extension units, located in Lattakia and T
artus
Governorates, the results showed that 75% of the sample were male and 25% were
femal,90% were married, 60% had high school education, agriculture work was the main
job for 25% of farmers, 40% of them did not visit extension units and the mean reason for
that was farmer had another job during the work time of extension units, for 42% of
farmers .Also the result showed that extension units perform agriculture services more
than extension service with low level of performance ,according opinion of 75% of
farmers. The study showed significant relationship between sex (male, female), age,
farmer's education , degree of performance of extension service, degree of performance of
agriculture service in the extension units and information sources of farmers ,all these
factors had significant relationship with the degree of Farmer's communication with
agricultural extension units.
This research aimed at identifying some personal and professional
characteristics of agricultural extension agents working in
extension units, and agricultural and extension services provided
by them in these units. Also to study the relationship
between
personal and professional characteristics and the degree of
performing extension and agricultural services. About 25% of
extension units in Lattakia and Tartus Governorates were included
(48 extension units).
The results of this research showed that 47.1% of agricultural
extension agents didn't attend any extension training (courses) and
36% of agricultural extension agents did not attend any technical
training. Also, the results showed that there were significant
relationships between age, technical training, experience in the
recent work, extension work and the total time spent in job and the
degree of performing extension and agricultural services and the
degree of carrying out extension jobs in the extension units.
The study aimed at identifying the availability of extension working tools and identifying support provided to the extension units. Also some personal and professional characteristics of agricultural specialists working in supporting extension units
were study Their training, communication with agricultural units , farmers and scientific research centers were investigated.
The study was carried out in the coastal area of Syria and all supporting extension units (16 units) in that area were included. To achieve the objectives of the study a questioner was designed and data was collected from all extension specialists in these units (57specialists).
The results of the research showed that, supporting units provided technical support to extension units, according to the majority of specialists (88%) and extensionistes (90.6%) with availability of most technical, instructional and educational tools in supporting units. Also it was observed that 26% of agriculture specialists in supporting units did not attend any extension training(courses) and 19% of them attended only one training course, Also 52.6% of specialists rarely communicated with research centers and 28.1% of them did not communicate at all, due to difficulties in reaching to these centers, according to 72% of them. Lack of the means of transportation was the most important obstacles (52.6%) faced the specialists in their Extension work.
The study aimedat identifying the role of farmers field school ( FFSs) in Jablah, and
the characteristics of their participant, their opinions, their productivity, and the difficulties
they suffer from.
To achieve the objective of this study , dat
a was collected through random sample ,
its size is (75) participant farmers in five field schools,by questionnaireby the personal
interview method , the process of data collection was started in 15/5/2013 and completed
in 15/8/2013.
The results showed that 92 % of farmers wish to continue in FFSs, and all of them
indicated that the more activities of (FFSs) is to analyze the ecosystem,and 43,5%of them
refer that the suitable location is the most important conditions essential to choose the
field of experience .
The productivity of citrus participantfarmers in the field schools is more than 5 tons
/acres ( 59,3% ), and The productivity of tomato farmersranging between 8 - 12 tons /acres
( 76,6% ).
